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When Our Immune System Breaks Down Immunopathology Our bodies are constantly at war, under assault 24-hours a day from infection and toxins. That we survive at all, is due to our immune system, -a network of chemicals & cells that protect the body. Primary organs of immune system: •Thymus gland •Bone marrow Secondary organs of immune system: •Lymph nodes •Spleen •Tonsils & Adenoids Main Job of the Immune System • Protects body from invasion of organisms • Protects body from own cells which may develop incorrectly and cause harm to the fine balance of the body's systems Major cells of immune system: Leukocytes: 1. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granulocytes) - active in inflammatory process 2. Monocytes & Macrophages - engulf and eat pathogens 7 foreign substances 3. Lymphocytes - B & T lymphocytes Crossing the barriers •skin •mucosal membranes If physical & chemical barrier is broken down by: •trauma •as result of infection on surface invading microorganisms can enter body, blood stream & lymphatic system. Inside the body, pathogens can find a niche in body tissue to multiply and form a colony. Normally our bodies are fit enough to fight an infection with all the parts of our immune system. Sometimes we need help fighting infection. •Antibiotics are chemicals developed to help us in the fight infection. •Antibiotics reduce risk of tissue damage while immune system fights off infection. •They also reduce risk of death if immune system is unsuccessful. Antibiotics are not essential and we would often win without them. The argument has been made that antibiotics are over prescribed. For minor infections with low risks we should wait for the body's own defenses. There is a protective effect of normal microorganisms which live on skin & mucosal membranes. These usually prevent other more dangerous bugs from spreading. •If for example you have a course of antibiotics for an infection… •as well as killing off the harmful bacteria causing the infection, •some of the good resident microbes will die, leaving an opportunity for others to grow. Pathogens which grow under these conditions are called opportunistic pathogens. A good example of an opportunistic infection: thrush or candida Note white fungal patches under tongue This yeast-like fungus normally lives on skin, in gut & vagina in small, well-controlled numbers. After using antibiotics, fungi get a chance to multiply. Hypersensitivity Disorders Contact dermatitis http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM029.html Hypersensitivity-contact dermatitis http://tray.dermatology.uiowa.edu/ImageBase.html Photosensitive dermatitis http://tray.dermatology.uiowa.edu/ImageBase.html Skin reaction to insect bite. Brown Recluse Spider Poison Ivy Dermatitis http://health.discovery.com/diseasesandcond/encyclopedia/132.html Hives Allergic Welts http://www.dermatest.de/PB/Publikationen/PBEN/Allergic_skin_reactions/body_allergic_skin_reactions.html Allergic Rhinitis http://www.emedicine.com/PED/topic2560.htm allergic rhinitis nose rub “allergic shiners” as result of allergic rhinitis http://www.emedicine.com/PED/topic2560.htm Nasal Polyp http://www.ghorayeb.com/NasalPolyps.html http://www.ghorayeb.com/NasalPolyps.html Anaphalaxis •Hypersensitivity reaction in which antibody on mast cells quickly reacts with an antigen. •Mast cells release histamine & other mediators that lead to edema. Some causes of a hypersensitivity reaction: acute laryngeal edema due to anaphylactic reaction to penicillin http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM030.html Autoimmune Disorders patient with scleroderma note taunt skin and scaring at corners of mouth http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM024.html Sclerodactyly as result of scleroderma http://www.dermis.net/doia/diagnose.asp?zugr=d&lang=e&diagnr=710110&topic=t Lupus “butterfly rash” http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM009.html Another lupus “butterfly rash” Also called “malar rash” Myasthenia gravis Three different serial pictures demonstrate fatigue of eyelid muscles as patient keeps looking up. http://www.methodisthealth.com/health/nervsystem/Myasgrav.htm Rheumatoid arthritis http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/ORGAN.html#1 X-ray rheumatoid arthritis http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/radiology/icmrad/skeletal/Parts/RAHands.html Jaundice of sclera from auto immune disease -- primary biliary cirrhosis Immunodeficiency Disorders Kaposi’s Sarcoma-roof of mouth http://www.maxillofacialcenter.com/BondBook/softtissue/kaposi.html Kaposi’s Sarcoma http://pathsrvr.rockford.uic.edu/inet/Immune%20Disorders/Immune%20Disorders%20Station%203.htm Summary Immune system consists of: •Thymus gland •Bone marrow •Lymph nodes •Spleen •Liver •Tonsils •lymphocytes Malfunctioning or compromised immune systems: •Leave the body with weakened defenses against pathogens and opportunistic microbes Primary disorders of immune system are categorized as: 1.Hypersensitivity disorders (allergy, autoimmune) 2.Immune deficiency disorders (congenital immunodeficiency, AIDS) •Treatment for immune disorders varies •Some immune disorders are mild while others are severe and require long-term therapy