Download Chapter 6 and 9 - Wando High School

Mid-term Review Sheet
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Flow of energy
1. Describe the levels of a food chain and how energy is transferred from one level to another.
Producers – Autotrophs
Primary Consumers – Herbivores
Secondary Consumers – Carnivores
Tertiary Consumers – Carnivores
Decomposers - Saprophytes
2. Give an example of an organism at each level of the food chain.
Grass Rabbit  Fox  Bear  fungus and bacteria
3. What is the ultimate source of energy for the food web and biological processes? For what type of
organisms is it directly used?
The sun, producers
Changes over Time
4. Describe the difference between Primary and Secondary Succession.
Primary Succession occurs when there is a new area that has never before had life, life must
begin fresh without any soil
Secondary Succession occurs somewhere that a disaster has destroyed the life and new life must
start over – already has soil.
5.
What types of species would you expect to see first with each type of succession?
Primary – lichens
Secondary – grasses and flowers
6. Give an example of each.
Primary – lichens, mosses, shrubs, trees, birds, snakes, mammals
Secondary – grasses, shrubs, trees, birds, snakes, mammals
Cycling of Nutrients
7. What types of things are involved with nutrient cycling? (give examples of living and nonliving
components)
Animals, soil, atmosphere, plants, industry
8. List and describe the processes involved in the water cycle.
Evaporation – water moving from the lakes, rivers, and oceans into the atmosphere
Transpiration – water leaving plants and trees into the atmosphere
Condensation – water in the atmosphere forming clouds
Precipitation – water in the clouds falling as rain, snow, sleet, or hail
Run off – water returning to the rivers, lakes, and oceans
Cellular Processes
9. What is homeostasis?
The process of maintaining the environment necessary for the survival of the cell/organism
10. Give an example of something a cell would do to maintain homeostasis.
Regulating nutrient concentrations, removing waste, exchanging gases, etc.
11. What does selectively permeable mean? How does this characteristic of the cell membrane help maintain
homeostasis?
It means that some substances can pass directly through the cell membrane while other
substances can not
This helps the cell get what it needs and get rid of what it does not need.
12. What are two differences between active and passive transport?
Passive does not use energy and moves materials from high concentration to low
Active does use energy and moves materials from low concentrations to high
13. List and describe the three types of passive transport.
Diffusion – moving materials from areas of high concentration to low through a semi-permeable
membrane
Facilitation Diffusion - moving materials from areas of high concentration to low through a
semi-permeable membrane with the aid of transport proteins
Osmosis - moving water from areas of high concentration to low through a semi-permeable
membrane
14. List and describe the three types of active transport.
Protein pumps – moving materials against the concentration gradient with the aid of proteins
and energy
Endocytosis – moving bulky materials into the cell by folding the membrane in around the
material and brining it into the cell
Exocytosis – moving bulky material out of the cell by fusing a storage vacuole with the cell
membrane and forcing the material out of the cell
15. Describe the properties of a hypertonic solution.
The solution has a higher concentration of solute than inside the cell
16. What happens to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution? What is that called?
Water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrink, plasmolysis
17. Describe the properties of a hypotonic solution.
The solution has a lower concentration of solute than inside the cell
18. What happens to a cell when placed in a hypotonic solution? What is that called?
Water would move into the cell causing the cell to swell and burst, cytolysis
19. Describe the properties of a isotonic solution.
The solution has the same concentration of solute as inside the cell
20. What happens to a cell when placed in a isotonic solution? What is that called?
Water molecules will move into and out of the cell maintaining the same concentration, dynamic
equilibrium
Organic Molecules
21. What are the four important types of organic molecules that make up living things?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
22. Which type is the primary source of energy?
Carbohydrates
23. Which type has the greatest chemical bond energy?
Lipids
24. In what type of bonds is energy stored and causes foods to be energy rich?
Carbon-Hydrogen bonds
25. What three elements must all carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
26. What are the building blocks of large carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides (they join together to build polysaccharides)
27. List the three types of carbohydrates and give examples of each
Monosaccharides - glucose
Disaccharides - sucrose
Polysaccharides – amylose, cellulose
28. What are three functions of carbohydrates?
Energy source, Energy storage, Structural Support
29. What three elements must all lipids contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
30. What are the building blocks of lipids?
Fatty acids and glycerol
31. Name the structure to the right. Name the two types of monomers that make it up.
Triglyceride: glycerol and three fatty acids
32. What are three functions of lipids?
Energy storage, cellular membrane structure, and building vitamins and hormones
33. How are lipids helpful to a cold-climate organism?
They can build up lipids to serve as insulation and energy storage
34. What four elements must all proteins contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
35. What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
36. How many different amino acids are there? With only so few types of amino acids, how are so many
different proteins possible?
20, they can be arranged in many different ways
37. What are the different functions of proteins?
Building block for the formation of bone, muscle,
38. What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
39. What five elements make up nucleotides?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous
40. What is the function of nucleic acids?
Store information
41. Give two examples of nucleic acids.
DNA, RNA
42. Enzymes are a type of catalyst. What does that mean?
They are materials that lower activation energy required for a reaction to occur
43. How does having enzymes involved in our body’s chemical reactions help us?
Reactions are able to occur at lower temperatures in our body
44. Describe three functions of enzymes.
Digest food, release energy (burn glucose), build molecules like proteins and lipids
45. What is a substrate?
What the enzyme acts upon
46. Where does the substrate fit on the enzyme?
The active site
47. Is an enzyme consumed in a chemical reaction? Explain.
No, it goes back to its original shape and is ready to work again
48. What are four factors that can affect an enzymes activity?
Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration
49. What happens to the reaction rate if more enzyme is added?
It increases until all of the enzymes are working or until it runs out of substrate (when the
reaction would stop)
50. What happens to the reaction rate if more substrate is added?
It increases until all of the enzymes are working
51. What happens to the reaction rate if all of the enzymes are working?
the rate of reaction would level off
52. What is ATP and what does it do?
Adenosine triphosphate – the form of energy that a cell can quickly and easily use, drives
metabolism
53. What are the monomers that make up ATP?
A 5-carbon sugar (ribose), a nitrogen base (adenine), and three phosphate groups
54. How does ATP transfer energy? What does it become?
When ATP loses a phosphate group off of its phosphate chain - It then become ADP (adenosine
diphosphate)
55. How can ADP be used to store energy?
It can find another phosphate to bind to and become ATP again