Download Conditioned Response

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Learning: Relatively permanent change in
behavior due to experience
◦ Does NOT include temporary changes due to
disease, fatigue, injury, maturation, or drugs,
since these do NOT qualify as learning, even
though they can alter behavior
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Reinforcement: Any event that increases
the probability that a response will recur
Response: Any identifiable behavior
◦ Internal: Faster heartbeat
◦ Observable: Eating, scratching
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Antecedents: Events that precede a response
Consequences: Effects that follow a response
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Russian physiologist who studied digestion
Used dogs to study salivation when dogs
were presented with meat powder
Also known as Pavlovian or respondent
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Reflex: Automatic, non-learned response
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conditioning
Fig. 7-2, p. 220
How does this relate to Pavlov?
• Before Conditioning
The dog gets food put in front of him and it is
making him drool. The bell is not being
used
Step by step approach: Before
Conditioning
• Neutral Stimulus- a stimulus that does not immediately
bring about a response
Example: a bell doesn’t get the dog to drool at first
Unconditioned Stimulus- a stimulus that consistently
brings about a response
Example: food causes the dog to drool
Unconditioned Response- an automatic response to an
unconditioned stimulus.
Example: the food (u.s) drooling (u.r)
Everything is neutral and unconditioned because the dog hasn’t
learned the association yet because the food is not being paired with
bell.
During Conditioning
• Now the bell is brought in
• Conditioned Stimulus- the once neutral stimulus
becomes conditioned because you are pairing it. Now
the bell is conditioned because it is being paired with the
food. The neutral stimulus always becomes the
conditioned stimuli
• Unconditioned Stimulus- the food. This remains
unconditioned because the dog isn’t trained or
conditioned to drool every time it sees the food.
• Unconditioned Response- the salivation. Salivation is
unconditioned because the dog isn’t trained or
conditioned to do it yet consistently
After Conditioning
• Everything now becomes conditioned and you
don’t need to you the unconditioned stimulus
(food). The neutral stimulus now becomes
conditioned. At first the bell was neutral
because the dog didn’t drool but now from
conditioning the bell has meaning so it becomes
conditioned.
• Conditioned Stimulus- Bell
• Conditioned Response- Drool
Fig. 7-3, p. 221
Would the following pictures work as an
unconditioned stimulus for you?
• Remember and unconditioned stimulus
evokes an automatic response.
To review
• Cartoon Pavlov- 3 minutes
Journal
• Write out what Jim does in your classical
conditioning template.
Before Conditioning:
During Conditioning:
After Conditioning:
Office Clip One Minute
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Weakening of a conditioned response
through removal of reinforcement
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Reappearance of a learned response
following apparent extinction
Fig. 7-5, p. 222
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Stimulus generalization: A tendency to
respond to stimuli that are similar, but not
identical, to a conditioned stimulus (e.g.,
responding to a buzzer when the
conditioning stimulus was a bell)
Stimulus discrimination: The learned ability
to respond differently to similar stimuli
(e.g., Anya will respond differently to
various bells: alarms, school, timer)
Fig. 7-6b, p. 223
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Phobia: Fear that persists even when no
realistic danger exists (e.g.,
arachnophobia; fear of spiders)
Conditioned emotional response (CER):
Learned emotional reaction to a previously
neutral stimulus
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Desensitization: Decreasing fear or anxiety
by exposing phobic people gradually to
feared stimuli while they stay calm and
relaxed
Vicarious classical conditioning: Learning
to respond emotionally to a stimulus by
observing another’s emotional reactions
Fig. 7-7, p. 224
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Little Albert- six minutes
Now let’s figure out how this fits into classical
conditioning.
Chart out:
Before Conditioning:
During Conditioning:
After Conditioning:
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First let’s check out the list
The real way to treat a phobia. If you don’t
like clowns please don’t look
Real treatment of clown phobia- 4 minutes
How not to treat a phobia. The media likes to
take advantage of this
balloon phobia maury
Peach Phobia Maury- 3 minutes
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Learning is based on the consequences of
responding; we associate responses with
their consequences. Everything is based in
rewards and punishments. Thinking is
secondary
Law of effect (Thorndike): The probability
of a response is altered by the effect it has:
responses that lead to desired effects are
repeated; those that lead to undesired
effects are not
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Any event that follows a response and
increases its likelihood of recurring
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Conditioning chamber (Skinner box):
Apparatus designed to study operant
conditioning in animals
Response-contingent reinforcement:
Reinforcement given after a desired response
occurs
Fig. 7-9, p. 226
Operant Conditioning in Action
• Skinner Box- One minute
• Pigeons playing ping pong- 40 sec
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Operant reinforcement most effective
when given immediately after a correct
response
Response chain: A linked series of actions
that leads to reinforcement
Superstitious behaviors: Behaviors that are
repeated because they appear to produce
reinforcement, even though they are not
necessary
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Molding responses gradually in a step-bystep fashion to a desired pattern
Successive approximations: Ever-closer
matches
Shaping a pigeon- one minute
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When learned responses that are NOT
reinforced gradually fade away
Negative attention seeking: Using
misbehavior to gain attention
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Positive reinforcement: When a response is
followed by a reward or other positive
event
Negative reinforcement: When a response
is followed by the removal of an
unpleasant event ie. You are more likely to use
drugs and alcohol if they remove stress or anxiety
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Stimuli that consistently precede a
rewarded response tend to influence when
and where the response will occur
Operant stimulus generalization: Tendency
to respond to stimuli similar to those that
preceded operant reinforcement
Operant stimulus discrimination: Occurs
when one learns to differentiate between
antecedent stimuli that signal either an
upcoming reward or a nonreward condition
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Job?
Relationships?
School?
Substance abuse?
Divorce?
Connect the concepts you learned to each
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Primary reinforcer: Non-learned and
natural; satisfies physiological needs (e.g.,
food, water, sex)
Secondary reinforcer: Learned reinforcer
(e.g., money, grades, approval, praise);
Gains reinforcing properties by associating
with a primary reinforcer
What are some examples of this in the real
world? For starters look at the concept of
money
Token reinforcer: Tangible secondary
reinforcer (e.g., money, gold stars, poker
chips)
 Only have meaning if paired with a primary
reinforcer
 You should be able to use less of the token
economy and eventually form a habit in
the person. strange cartoon example: 1 min
Example: Grades, tokens at an arcade etc.
What are some other examples you can
think of?
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So easy even a monkey can do it!
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Any event that follows a response and
decreases the likelihood of it recurring
(e.g., a spanking)
Not negative reinforcement!!!!!!
Response cost: Removal of a positive
reinforcer after a response is made (e.g.,
Bob losing Xbox360 privileges)
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Avoidance Learning-Learning to make a
response in order to postpone or prevent
discomfort.
Example: Avoiding somebody you find annoying. Agreeing with
someone instead of beginning an argument
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Aggression- punishment sets up an
evnorment to learn aggression.
Example: Spanking a child and then they become hostile towards
others. They learned that through punishment
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Schedules of reinforcement: Plans for
determining which responses will be
reinforced
Continuous reinforcement: A reinforcer
follows every correct response
Partial reinforcement: Reinforcers do NOT
follow every response
Partial reinforcement effect: Responses
acquired with partial reinforcement are
more resistant to extinction
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A set number of correct responses must be
made to obtain a reinforcer
Example: Receive five stickers for a prize,
Sell so many products for a bonus
What are some other examples?
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Varied number of correct responses must
be made to get a reinforcer
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Example: Slot machine, door to door sales
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What are some other examples?
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A reinforcer is given only when a correct
response is made after a set amount of
time has passed since the last reinforced
response. This promotes laziness
sometimes because the person knows
when the reward will occur. ie
Examples: Paycheck every two weeks, Test
in two weeks
What are some other examples?
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Reinforcement is given for the first correct
response made after a varied amount of
time has passed since the last reinforced
response
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Example: Pop Quiz
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What are some other examples?
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Model: Someone who serves as an example
in observational learning
Occurs by watching and imitating actions
of another person or by noting
consequences of a person’s actions
◦ Occurs before direct practice is allowed
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Pay attention to model
Remember what was done
Observer must be able to reproduce
modeled behavior
If a model is successful or his/her behavior
is rewarded, behavior more likely to recur
Bandura created modeling theory with
classic Bo-Bo doll (inflatable clown)
experiments
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Bobo Doll Experiment- 6 minutes
Fig. 7-24, p. 245