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Name_________________________ Date Inheritance and Adaptations LESSON 1 Inheritance and Traits 25 points Directions: On the line before each clue, write the term (in yellow or green) that matches it correctly. Then answer the questions that follow. __________ __________ 1. how a trait appears 2. permanent change in the sequence of DNA in a gene __________ __________ 3. passing of traits from generation to generation 4. all the members of a species living in a given area __________ __________ __________ 5. organism’s complete set of genes 6. distinguishing characteristic of an organism 7. section of DNA that has genetic information for one trait __________ 8. without a definite aim Period 220 total points Use Probability Genes are chemical codes that carry information about how an organism grows and functions. The genes in a cell are grouped into larger molecules called chromosomes. A body cell contains two different versions of each chromosome. Many animals and plants pass genes to their offspring by sexual reproduction. During sexual reproduction, the chromosomes are duplicated and then divided into egg or sperm cells. An egg or sperm cell contains a single version of each chromosome. The possible number of unique combinations of chromosomes in an egg or sperm cell depends on the number of chromosomes in the organism. The formula 2n predicts the number of chromosome combinations, where n is the total number of chromosomes divided by two. The expression 2n is a short way to write repeated multiplication of a number by itself. The base is the number, 2, and the exponent is the raised number, n. The exponent shows the number of times you multiply the base by itself. You might need to use a calculator to solve the problems. A pea plant has 14 chromosomes. How many different combinations of chromosomes can be produced in the offspring? Step 1 Divide the number of chromosomes by 2. 14 chromosome 7 2 Step 2 Substitute for n in the expression 2n. 2n = 27 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 128 9. What do phenotypes result from? Practice show all work (3 points each) 1. A mosquito has 6 chromosomes. How many different chromosome combinations can form in the offspring? 10. How do most mutations occur? Provide an example that illustrates this type of mutation. 2. Corn has 20 chromosomes. How many different chromosome combinations can form in the offspring? 3. A human has 46 chromosomes. How many different chromosome combinations can form in the offspring? 4. A capuchin monkey has 54 chromosomes. How many different chromosome combinations can form in the offspring? Buffalo Book 20 Page 1 Standad 4 Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment. Objective 2 Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures. Name_________________________ Date Genetics in Our Lives Video Review You Decide! 1. Where are chromosomes located? You Observe! 2. Describe the shape of a DNA molecule. You Compute! 3. When the sperm and egg combine, does the new organism have the full number of chromosomes or half? You Predict! 4. What happens when you cross a horse and a donkey? You Decide! 5. What is a genome? Video Quiz: 1. ______________ is the study of the process of heredity. 2. _______________ are rod-shaped structures which contain genetic material. 3. _____________ is the genetic material in chromosomes. 4. DNA controls __________ passed from parents to offspring. 5. The shape of DNA is a double ______________. 6. A new organism contains genetic material from _________ parents. 7. _________________ breeding is the process of breeding things to produce certain traits. 8. A _____________ organism has two genetically different genes for a particular trait. Period 25 points this page Genetics in Our Lives Post Assessment 1. Genes are found on structures called _____________. 2. ________________ organisms have genes that are very similar to their parents. 3. The shape of DNA is in the form of a double _________. 4. A _________________ is all the genes possessed by an organism. 5. Heredity is the passing on of _____________ from parents to offspring. 6. Crossing a horse and a donkey is an example of __________________. 7. ___________ is the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. 8. A _________________ organism has been altered by adding a gene from a different species. 9. The process by which DNA is reproduced is called DNA _________________. 10. ________________ is the scientific investigation of the process of heredity. genome DNA traits inbred helix genetic chromosomes replication outbreeding transgenic 9. ___________________ DNA is the result of inserting a DNA segment from one organism into another. 10. A _______________ is all the genes in an organism. Buffalo Book 20 Page 2 Standad 4 Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment. Objective 2 Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures. Name_________________________ Date Period Sickle-Cell Allele and Malaria The allele for sickle-cell disease is most common in people of African ancestry. The reason for this probably has to do with the relationship between the sickle-cell trait and malaria. Malaria, a disease common in parts of Africa, affects red blood cells. Carriers of the sickle-cell allele are resistant to malaria. Scientists think that the sicklecell trait helps carriers resist malaria. Map A shows the distribution of malaria worldwide today, and Map B shows the distribution of the sicklecell allele. Malaria is a disease carried by mosquitoes in some parts of Africa. These mosquitoes have a tiny parasite in their saliva. When the mosquito bites a human, it injects some saliva into the blood--and along with it comes the parasite. These parasites invade your red blood cells and multiply inside them. The red blood cells burst and die--sending more parasites into the blood. Some of the symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, and headache, to name a few. If left untreated, it could kill. Africans who have sickle-cell anemia do not get Malaria. It is common that people who have sickle-cell anemia are more resistant to the malaria parasite. (A parasite is an organism that lives and feeds on or in another organism.) A normal red blood cell (like what is found in your body) looks similar to the cells on the top. Buffalo Book 20 Page 3 Standad 4 Answer the following questions. (20 points) 1. In the empty circle draw the blood cells of a person with sickle-cell anemia. (BB page 523) 2. Where is malaria most common today? 3. Where is the sickle-cell allele most frequent? 4. Based on the fact that malaria is caused by a microscopic parasite that infects the blood, why would people with sickle-cell trait be resistant to malaria? 5. How does having sickle-cell anemia increase your chance of survival if you live in Ghana, Africa? 6. Is there an advantage to having sickle-cell anemia if you live in the U.S.? Describe 7. Suppose malaria were eliminated as a human disease. Predict how the frequency of the sickle-cell allele might change over time. Explain. Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment. Objective 2 Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures. Name_________________________ Date Parthenogenesis 15 points Some female animals that usually reproduce sexually are able to create offspring without the help of a mate through parthenogenesis. This occurs when an unfertilized egg produces an offspring. Parthenogenesis occurs mainly in invertebrates such as insects. It is not a common occurrence in vertebrate species. Statistically it occurs in about 0.1 percent of vertebrate species, though it has never been known to occur in people. Why does it happen? Parthenogenesis is a normal and expected part of the reproduction of some animals, such as bees. But in others, such as large vertebrates, it happens for different reasons. Some observations have been that lone females, or populations that have few or no males, will reproduce by parthenogenesis. In other cases, it could be a method of population control. Other times it has been attributed to an abundance of resources in combination with few males. In nearly all cases, there was some environmental event that could be the reason for this method of reproduction. Some Unusual Cases In 2006, two female Komodo dragons that were isolated from males produced offspring. At first, it was thought that they Period Inheritance and Traits had stored sperm for later use. Komodo Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle with the correct terms from the word dragons have been known to store bank. sperm for years. However, DNA testing showed that both baby lizards were the gene genotype inheritance result of parthenogenesis. Because of mutation phenotype trait the type of sex chromosomes that a Komodo dragon has, all offspring of parthenogenesis are male. A seven-year-old female shark in a Hungarian zoo had been raised since her birth alone in a tank. In 2008, her keepers noticed that a baby shark was lying at the bottom of the tank. DNA testing has not yet been done, but the keepers are sure that the female has never been in contact with another shark. Because of the chromosome arrangement of sharks, they can produce only females by parthenogenesis. Some Drawbacks Although parthenogenesis can help maintain a species during times of hardship or after a population crashes, it is not a good long-term solution. In species that normally reproduce sexually, parthenogenesis would reduce genetic variability. The population would eventually become weaker and would possibly disappear. Across 1. a distinguishing characteristic of an organism 5. a section of DNA that has genetic information for one trait 6. a permanent change in the sequence of DNA in a gene Down Applying Critical-Thinking Skills Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement. 1. Analyze How does reduced genetic variability result in a weaker population? 2. the passing of traits from generation to generation 3. an organism’s complete set of genes 2. Summarize Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of parthenogenesis adaptation in a large vertebrate, such as a Komodo dragon. Buffalo Book 20 Page 4 Standad 4 4. how a trait appears or how it is expressed Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment. Objective 2 Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures. Name_________________________ Date Inheritance and Traits 25 points Key Concept What is the role of genes in inheritance? Directions: Label this diagram by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. Period Adaptations in Species Key Concept How does natural selection lead to adaptations in species? Directions: Label this diagram by writing a caption for each part of the diagram in the space provided. 1. 3. 2. 1. 2. 4. Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. 5. How are genes related to DNA? 3. 4. 6. What is the role of genes in inheritance? 7. Describe the two ways in which organisms pass inherited traits to 5. What is natural selection? their offspring. Buffalo Book 20 Page 5 Standad 4 Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment. Objective 2 Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures. Name_________________________ Date Adaptations in Species 30 points Directions: On the line before each definition, write the term (yellow, bold, or green) that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once. __________ 1. a slight difference in inherited traits among individual members of a species __________ 2. a trait that helps a species survive in its 10. hibernation ___________ 11. eye color___________ 12. spitting ___________ 14. migration ___________ 15. body shape ___________ 3. a process by which organisms that have variations that help them survive in their environment live longer, compete better, and reproduce more than those that do not have the variation __________ Directions: On the line after each adaptation, write Structural if the adaptation is a structural adaptation, Behavioral if the adaptation is a behavioral adaptation, or Functional if the adaptation is a functional adaptation. 13. shedding ___________ environment __________ Period 16. playing dead ___________ 17. hunting at night ___________ 18.internal structure ___________ 19. Describe two Structural adaptations. 4. a group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can reproduce among themselves producing fertile offspring __________ 5. the selection and breeding of organisms that 20. Describe two Behavioral adaptations. have desired traits __________ 6. a physical trait that increases survival __________ 7. a behavior or action that increases survival __________ 8. a biochemical change that increases survival __________ 9. an adaptation that helps a species blend in 21. Describe two Functional adaptations. 22. What is homeostasis? with its environment __________ 23. Give an example of how your human body maintains homeostasis. 10. an adaptation in which one species looks like another species Buffalo Book 20 Page 6 Standad 4 Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment. Objective 2 Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures. Name_________________________ 40 points Traits and Survival Objective 2 Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures. Section 2-d Relate the structure of organs to an organism’s ability to survive in a specific environment Date Period Think Critically. Why would a varying hare change its color from brownish tan to white each year? (3 points) Directions: Use details to answer all questions. 1. How would the hair on a bear help it to survive? (3 points) 7. How are shark’s teeth similar to lion’s teeth? (3 points) 2. Why are polar bears white while brown bears are brown? (3 points) 8. Africa’s climate is usually hotter than Asia’s climate. What advantage are the larger ears of African elephants than the smaller ears of Asian elephants for their climate? (3 points) 3. What characteristics does a lizard have which help it survive in a desert? (3 points) 4. Bird bones are less dense than mammal bones. Describe how this is a useful adaptation for birds. (3 points) 9. List five specific traits which allow a mule deer to survive in Utah. (5 points) 5. Describe how a dandelion reproduces both sexually and asexually. Why are their roots so difficult to kill? (8 points) 10. Describe how the process of natural selection might eventually lead to more white than black rabbits living in a snowy environment. What if climate change leads to less snowy environments? (5 points) 6. While a trait may allow an organism to survive in one environment, it may not help in a different environment. Buffalo Book 20 Page 7 Standad 4 Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment. Objective 2 Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures. Name_________________________ Date Inheritance and Adaptations 40 points Period 18. Describe how a mutation occurs. 1. What is necessary for mutations to be inherited? 19. A pet shop owner wants to sell trained dogs. She plans to do this by 2. Human egg and sperm cells each contain how many chromosomes? 3. How does variation come into a species? training a female dog and a male dog and then breeding them so the puppies inherit the training. Assess this plan and determine its likelihood of success. 4. What happens to chromosomes during meiosis? 20. Compare and contrast the selective breeding that is done to create 5. The passing of traits from generation to generation is called show dogs with the process of natural selection. __________. 6. The section of DNA that carries genetic information for a trait is called a(n) __________. 7. A(n) __________ is a slight difference in inherited traits among individual members of a species. 21. Assess the following statement: The predator-prey relationship is one in which both species are in a constant race to adapt to each other. 8. A(n) __________ is a trait that helps a species survive in its environment. 9. The __________ is how a trait appears or is expressed. 10. An organism’s complete set of genes is called its __________. 22. Examine the connection between mutation and variation. 11. An organism’s complete set of genes is called its __________. 23. Some harmless organisms resemble other more dangerous ones. Label the following by writing the words on the lines. Deduce how this could be considered an adaptation. 12. chromosome 13. base pair 14. DNA strand 15. gene 16. cell 17. nucleus Buffalo Book 20 Page 8 Standad 4 Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment. Objective 2 Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures.