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A Active voice: The main focus of the sentence (the person, place, or thing) carries out the action. Ad hominem: A type of logical fallacy where the author of an argument is discredited instead of the argument. Adjective: A part of speech that describes a noun or a person, place, or thing. Adverb: A part of speech that describes the verb or action of the sentence. Analogy: A writing tool that compares two unrelated things: an idea that is not tangible to something that is tangible and easy for the reader to understand. Anthology: A book that contains many works of the same type, such as short stories or poems, by many different authors. Argumentation: A style of writing that seeks to inform and prove a specific position on a topic. Argumentative Approach: A method of writing that reasons or argues that an idea or perspective is right. B Bandwagon fallacy: A type of logical fallacy that states an argument is correct because everyone believes it. Begging the question: A type of logical fallacy where an argument is supported by false evidence or no evidence at all. Body: The core of the essay, divided into three supporting paragraphs. Book stack: A shelf found in a library that houses books. C Call number: The number on a book that indicates where it can be found in a library. Catalog: A complete listing of all the materials found within a library. Chronological order: The method of arranging the details in the essay according to when they occur. Also known as time order. Citing: The standardized method of stating the specific identifying details of a source used as support in a paper. Clause: A part of a sentence that is a complete thought on its own. Cliché: A recognizable expression. Clustering: A technique of creating a visual diagram linking your ideas together. Also called mapping. Colloquialism: A casual expression used within a specific environment or by a particular group Colon: A piece of punctuation that is primarily used to introduce information. Comma: The type of punctuation that gives the reader a short break between parts of a sentence. Compare: To evaluate two things and conclude what is alike between them. Compare and contrast technique: The method of writing an essay when two things are examined for similarities or differences. Compound adjective: Two adjectives that are joined by a hyphen. Compounding: To merge more than two ideas into the same sentence. Conclusion: The final paragraph that brings together the principal idea and evidence of the essay. Conjunction: A part of speech that links pieces of a sentence together. Connective: Also known as transitions, they are the joining words or phrases between sentences and paragraphs. Constructive criticism: Providing a balance between positive and negative feedback to help people improve upon their strengths and diminish their weaknesses. Contraction: A word that is the combination of two words in which the eliminated letters are replaced by an apostrophe. Contrast: To evaluate two things and conclude what is not the same between them. Conversing: To read a text and make notes on it based on your questions and comments surrounding the author's ideas, evidence, and organization. Coordination: The equal presentation of two ideas that have the same weight within the same sentence. Critiquing: Also known as evaluating, it is to question and include your positive and negative reactions to a written piece. D Dangling modifier: A type of modifier error that is found at the beginning of the sentence, which does not clearly state who performs the action in the phrase. Dash: A piece of punctuation used before attention-grabbing information. Dead-end statement: A thesis statement that is too specified and therefore cannot be developed. Definition: Explaining the meaning of a concept or thing. Description: Providing details to paint a picture for the reader. Descriptive approach: A method of writing that focuses on describing. Descriptive writing: A style of writing used to accurately portray people, places, and things. Dewey Decimal System: A library system that organizes books using a number system. Direct quotation: The exact wording of the author placed inside quotation marks. Dissertation: An essay written by a graduate student to obtain a degree. Domain name: The official term used for a website address. Drafting: Creating versions of your essay, with each new version improving upon the previous. E EBSCOhost: A popular computerized periodical index used in libraries today. Edit: To correct errors in grammar. Editing: The process of correcting errors in grammar. Educational non-fiction: A type of non-fiction that educates the reader. Either…or fallacy: A type of logical fallacy that provides only two options for an issue, when there may be three or more available. Elibrary: A large database of articles available online for a fee. Emphatic order: The approach that organizes the details based on importance. Engaging: The second step of understanding written material where you take notes to see the different levels of meaning expressed in the text. Entertaining non-fiction: A type of non-fiction that entertains the reader. Erroneous cause: A type of logical fallacy that presents two situations that happen one after the other and the events are incorrectly defined as being causal. Evaluating: Also known as critiquing, it is to objectively assess and analyze a text. Explanatory approach: A method of writing that provides an explanation. Also known as expository writing. Expository writing: A method of writing that makes an idea or concept clear. Also known as the explanatory approach. F False analogy: A type of logical fallacy that creates an ineffective comparison between two unrelated things. Fiction: A piece of writing that is imagined by the author. Figurative language: Language that creates an association between two unrelated concepts or things, to provide a more accurate description of one of the concepts or things. Figurative writing: Also called a figure of speech, is a method used to make clearer ideas in writing. Figure of speech: Also known as figurative writing, it is a tool to make the writer's concepts more understandable and real to the reader. Final outline: The detailed outline of what the body of your essay will look like, usually building upon the scratch outline. First-person: A narrative written through the perspective of the pronoun "I" or "we." Focused freewriting: A five to ten minute exercise where you write down any thoughts and ideas you have in connection to your topic. Fragment: A phrase that is not a proper sentence because it is missing one of the key elements: a subject, a verb, or a complete idea. Freewriting: A five to ten minute exercise where you write down any thoughts and ideas to stimulate the writing process. G Generality: A non-specific description. Gerund: A verb that ends in "ing." H Homonym: A word that is identical in sound to another word but has different significance and spelling. Hyphen: A piece of punctuation that is used to join words together, such as adjectives and two- word numbers. I Indefinite pronoun: A general pronoun that does not specifically state a person or thing. Indirect quotation: Words that were changed or paraphrased but retained the meaning of the original statement. Inference: A conclusion you make based on the text that is not stated explicitly. Infinitive: A verb in its base form that always starts with the word "to." InfoTrac: A common electronic periodical index. Informal outline: A simple plan of the text's thesis and primary supporting details. Informative non-fiction: A type of non-fiction that provides information to the reader. Internal citation: The citation found within the body of an essay enclosed in parentheses. Also known as a parenthetical citation. Introduction: The first paragraph that presents the major theme of the essay. Irregular verb: A type of verb that is conjugated in a specialized way. K Keyword: The important words you enter in a search engine in a library catalog or on the Internet to locate information about a specific topic. L Library of Congress System: A library system that classifies and organizes books using a combination of letters and numbers. Linking sentence: A sentence that is written to flow well between paragraphs. Also referred to as a transitional sentence. Listing: All possible thoughts connected to your central idea formatted into a list. Literal: The actual meaning of a text. M MLA: The acronym for the Modern Language Association. MLA style: The manner in which the Modern Language Association dictates how the sources of your evidence must be cited in a paper. Mapping: A technique of creating a visual diagram linking your ideas together. This is also called clustering. Metaphor: A type of figurative language that links two unrelated concepts or things. Misplaced modifier: A type of modifier error that does not clearly state who performs the action in the phrase. Modern Language Association: A group of people that includes members from the teaching profession and educational sector who provide support and encouragement to those instructing and learning language and literature. Modifier: A phrase that is part of a whole sentence that adds meaning to the sentence. Modifier error: A sentence that does not have a direct and obvious connection between the subject in the modifying phrase and the rest of the sentence. N Narration: The type of writing that recounts a fictional or non-fictional story. Narrative: A story written in sequential order. Narrative approach: A method of writing that recounts events as they happened. Non-fiction: A piece of writing that outlines real events. Non-sequitor: A type of logical fallacy where the conclusion is not preceded by concrete evidence. Noun: An individual, location, or thing. O Outlining: Creating the basic structure of your essay into groups and sub-groups. P Paradox: Providing a contrary view of the way something is in reality. Parallelism: To arrange details in the same way within a sentence. Paraphrase: To restate another person's direct words into a different statement while preserving the original meaning. Paraphrasing: Taking the resource's ideas or direct words and re-writing them in your own words. Parentheses: Punctuation that is used on either side of non-essential information. Parenthetical citation: The information contained within parentheses that indicates the source of original material. Passive voice: To have the main focus of the sentence, the person, place, or thing, being acted upon. Period: The type of punctuation that ends a sentence. Periodical: The category that includes newspapers, magazines, and journals. Periodical index: The system that classifies articles from newspapers, magazines, and journals. Personification: A type of figurative language that gives human qualities to a plant, animal, or object. Persuasion: A style of writing that aims to convince readers of a particular viewpoint as well as motivate them to take action to support it. Pivot: A way of developing an explanatory or argumentative paper that starts with one idea and suddenly changes perspective and presents a contrary or different idea. Plagiarism: The failure to cite exact words or ideas, direct quotations, and paraphrased or summarized material in your paper. Plan of development: It is an early look at the details supporting the thesis, found in the introduction. Plot: The expression of the different events in a narrative and how they are organized. Point by point method: Comparing or contrasting each aspect of the thesis and another subject in the essay alongside each other. Possessive pronoun: A word that indicates ownership. Prefix: A word that is placed before a noun to change the meaning of it. Prepositional phrase: A part of a sentence that always begins with a preposition, which helps describe a person, place, or thing. Previewing: To quickly go over a text to find the main ideas. Also known as surveying. Prewriting: Exercises used to collect and roughly organize the necessary information required before the actual writing of your paper. Process Analysis: A list of instructions or steps. Pronoun: A word that replaces a noun. Proofread: To look for and correct errors in spelling and typing. Proofreading: The process of looking for and correcting errors in spelling and typing. Proper noun: The official name of an individual, location, or thing. Q Questioning: A process of generating ideas through creating questions and answers in relation to your theme. It can be done alone or in groups. R Readers' Guide: A periodical index in book form that provides a monthly listing of magazine articles. Regular verb: A type of verb that is conjugated in a standardized way. Revise: To rewrite parts of an essay to ensure good flow, organization, and cohesion. Revising: The process of rewriting parts of an essay to ensure good flow, organization, and cohesion. Rhetorical question: A question in which the answer is not necessary. Rogerian approach: Based on Carl Rogers' work in psychology, it's a method used in persuasive writing where the writer calms possible strong opposing arguments to more effectively convince the reader of the thesis. Rough draft: The first version of your essay. Run-on sentence: A sentence that contains more than one thought, but where the ideas have no identifiable indicator to separate them. S Scratch outline: The first simple outline you create to get an idea of what the body of your essay will look like. Search engine: An Internet tool that searches and locates information based on the words you enter into the program. Semi-colon: The type of punctuation that gives the reader a longer break than a comma and a shorter break than a period. Sentence fragment: A sentence that lacks a subject, verb, or a complete thought. Sexist language: The use of language that shows a preference for one gender over another. Simile: A type of figurative language that compares two unconnected items, employing the use of the words "like" or "as." Skim: To quickly scan or review written material to obtain only the most important points. Slang: Unofficial words that are used within particular groups and mutate frequently. Subject: The person or thing that carries out the primary action of the sentence. Subject by subject method: Comparing or contrasting each aspect of the thesis and another subject in the essay apart from each other. Subject verb agreement: A proper sentence that conjugates the verb as singular or plural, so that it matches the singular or plural subject. Subject-verb agreement: The subject and verb in each sentence must agree in that they are both plural or both singular and not a combination of plural and singular. Subordination: Emphasizing one detail more over another detail within the same sentence. Summarizing: Succinctly re-wording a large amount of information or a complete text into your own style. Summary: The main points of a text are rephrased into a succinct synopsis. Surveying: To scan a text to understand its primary points. Also known as previewing. Synonym: A word that has a similar meaning to another word. Synthesizing: A combination of the author’s ideas, perspectives from other sources, and your perspective. T The 5Ws and the H: The six basic question words: what, where, who, when, why and how. The red herring: A type of logical fallacy that is used to redirect the reader's attention from the real issue at hand. The straw man: A type of logical fallacy where an argument is not well-supported and can be negated without much effort. Theme: The main concept or driving force of a narrative. Thesis: The primary idea of an essay. Third-person: A narrative written through the perspective of the pronouns "he," "she," "it," or "they." Time order: The approach that organizes the essay's details sequentially. Also referred to as chronological order. Topic sentence: The sentence in each paragraph of the body of an essay that outlines one supporting detail. Transition: The words or phrases used to create flow between sentences and paragraphs. Also known as connectives. Transitional devices: Words and phrases that join different ideas throughout the essay. Also referred to as transitions and connectives. Transitional sentence: A sentence that facilitates flow between paragraphs. Also known as a linking sentence. Transitional sentences: Sentences that create flow between the paragraphs by tying them together. Also referred to as linking sentences. Transitional word: A word that facilitates flow between sentences. Transitions: Word and phrases that demonstrate the connections between sentences and paragraphs. Also known as transitional devices and connectives. U URL: The complete website address beginning with "http." V Verb: The part of speech that describes the action of the sentence. Verb tense: A variation of a verb that reflects time. W Wordiness: The presence of too many words in a sentence, paragraph, or full text that makes it difficult to understand. Works cited list: The complete listing of all the sources used as evidence in a paper, found at the end of the essay. Writer’s block: The experience of not knowing what to write at any point during the writing process