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1. (2.1) The American space shuttle is propelled into space by rocket boosters which contain aluminium as the fuel. What is a fuel? 2. (2.1) 1 Dinitrogen monoxide can be used to boost the performance of racing car engines. When dinitrogen monoxide decomposes it forms a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. 2N2O(g) 2N2(g) + O2(g) An experiment was set up as shown below. Why will the candle burn for longer in gas jar A? 3. (2.2) 1 Biogas is a renewable fuel which consists of 70% methane and 30% carbon dioxide. Name the two products which would be formed when biogas is burned in a good supply of air. 1 1 4. (2.3) Candle wax is a hydrocarbon. Blue cobalt chloride paper and limewater can be used to detect products formed when candle wax is burned. a) Draw and complete the diagram to show the arrangement you would use. 2 b) Name the product detected using the blue cobalt chloride paper. 1 c) As the candle burns the funnel becomes coated with soot. Why does this happen? 1 (4) 2 5. (2.4) In some American states, chemicals called oxygenates are added to petrol to improve combustion. One such compound is MTBE. a) Write the molecular formula for MTBE. 1 b) Name a pollutant in car exhausts which is due to incomplete combustion of the petrol. 1 c) Why must cars fitted with catalytic converters use unleaded petrol? 1 d) Leaded petrol has been a major source of lead pollution in the soil near to roads. The graph shows how the mass of lead in one gram samples of soil varies. State two conclusions that can be drawn from these graphs. 2 (5) 3 6. (2.4) Scientists have been experimenting to find ways of reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. One of these ways involves placing concrete balls on the sea bed. They hope that green plants called algae will grow on the balls and this will help to reduce the carbon dioxide level. Give a reason why the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is increasing. 7. (2.4) A compound burns in air. The only products of the reaction are carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and water vapour. The compound must contain: 8. (2.6) A carbon and hydrogen only B carbon and sulphur only C carbon, hydrogen and sulphur D carbon, hydrogen, sulphur and oxygen Which molecule would most likely be present in petrol? A CH4 B C3 H 8 C C8H18 D C14H30 4 1 Questions 9 and 10 refer to the following information. The fractional distillation of crude oil produces a number of different fractions. 9. (2.6) 10. (2.7) Which molecule is most likely to be present in kerosene? A C5H12 B C12H26 C C19H40 D C26H54 Which properties apply to a fraction which has a high boiling point? A high viscosity and low flammability B low viscosity and low flammability C high viscosity and high flammability D low viscosity and high flammability 5 11. (2.7) 12. (2.7) The fractional distillation of crude oil depends on the fact that different hydrocarbons have different: A densities B solubilities C boiling points D ignition temperatures The properties of fractions obtained from crude oil depend on the sizes of molecules in the fractions. Compared with a fraction containing small molecules a fraction containing large molecules will: 13. (2.7) A be more viscous B be more flammable C evaporate more readily D have a lower boiling point range The fractional distillation of crude oil depends on the fact that the different hydrocarbons have different: A boiling points B flammabilities C solubilities D viscosities 6 14. The grid shows some sulphur compounds. (2.10) A B CH3 – S – C2H5 C D CH3 | CH3 – C – S – H | H a) C2H5 – S – C2H5 CH2 – CH2 | | CH2 CH2 \ / S Identify the two compounds which have the same molecular formula. b) Identify the compound which has the general formula CnH2nS. 15. Iodine can react with propene in the following way. (2.10) Name the homologous series to which propene belongs. 7 1 16. A very hot flame is produced when ethyne gas (C2H2) burns in a (2.11) plentiful supply of oxygen. a) Name the products formed in this reaction. 1 b) Ethyne is the first member of a homologous series called the alkynes. Ethyne has the following structure. H – CC – H All the members of the alkyne series have a triple carbon to carbon bond. Draw and complete the table below. Position in series Name 1st Molecular formula ethyne C2 H 2 2nd 3rd C3 H 4 butyne 2 (3) 17. (2.12) The name of the above compound is: A but-2-ene B pent-2-ene C but-3-ene D pent-3-ene 8 18. Which of the following compounds belong to the same homologous (2.12) series as the compound with the molecular formula C3H8? 9 19. Alkenes can be made from bromoalkanes. Bromoalkanes are (2.12) alkane molecules in which a hydrogen atom has been replaced by a bromine atom, e.g. Draw the full structural formula for the two alkenes which can be found from 2-bromobutane. 20. The molecular formula for cyclohexane is: (2.13) A C6 H 6 B C6H10 C C6H12 D C6H14 10 21. Which of the following could be the molecular formula of a (2.13) cycloalkane? A C7H16 B C7H14 C C7H12 D C7H10 22. Alkanes can be made by the reaction of sodium with iodoalkanes. (2.14) This is called the Wurtz synthesis. For example, ethane can be made from iodomethane. H H | | H – C – I + 2Na + I – C – H | | H H iodomethane a) H H | | H – C – C – H + 2NaI | | H H iodomethane Name the alkane which forms when sodium reacts with iodoethane. b) Two different iodoalkanes are used to make propane. Name the two iodoalkanes. c) 1 1 The Wurtz synthesis can also be used to make cycloalkanes. Draw the full structural formula for the compound which could be used to make cyclobutane. 1 (3) 11 23. (2.15) The name of the above compound is: A 2,3-dimethylpentane B 3,4-dimethylpentane C 2,3-dimenthylpropane D 3,4-dimenthylpropane 24. Name the alkane shown below. (2.15) 1 25. Ethers are useful chemicals. (2.15) Some ethers are listed in the table below. Structural formula Name of ether CH3CH2 – O – CH2CH3 ethoxyethane CH3 – O – CH2CH2CH3 methoxypropane CH3 – O – CH2CH3 methoxyethane X CH3CH2 – O – CH2CH2CH3 Suggest a name for ether X. 1 12 26. (2.15) H H H | | | H–C–C–C=C–C–H | | | | | H H H H H The name of the above compound is: A but-2-ene B pent-2-ene C but-3-ene D pent-3-ene 27. Which of the following compounds has an isomer? (2.16) 13 28. Two isomers of butene are: (2.16) Which of the following structures represents a third isomer of butene? 14 29. Which of the following molecules is an isomer of heptane? (2.16) B H H H H H H | | | | | | H–C–C–C–C–C–C–H | | | | | H H H H H H–C–H | H 15 30. (2.16) Which of the following compounds is an isomer of the one shown above? 16 31. Which of the following alcohols has the highest boiling point? (2.17) (You may wish to use page 6 of the data booklet to help you.) 17 32. (2.17) The above molecule is an example of A a saturated alcohol B an unsaturated alcohol C a saturated carboxylic acid D an unsaturated carboxylic acid 33. The first four members of the alkanal homologous series are: (2.17) The general formula for this homologous series is: A C2H2n-2O B CnH2nO C CnH2n+1O D CnH2n+2O 18 34. Carbohydrates in plant and animal waste can be digested by (2.18) bacteria to produce biogas. The digestion involves several steps. carbohydrates glucose ethanoic acid biogas (70% methane + 30% carbon dioxide) Draw the full structural formula for ethanoic acid. 1 35. The structural formula for lactic acid is shown below. (2.18) Draw the carboxyl group in the lactic acid module. 19 1 36. Which of the following is a structural formula for methyl ethanoate? (2.19) 37. (2.19) The ester with the above structure can be prepared from A ethanol and ethanoic acid B ethanol and methanoic acid C methanol and ethanoic acid D methanol and methanoic acid 20 38. The structural formulae for two of the compounds in lavender are (2.19) shown below. linalool a) linalyl ethanoate To show that lavender oil contains unsaturated compounds it can be tested by shaking s sample with bromine solution. Bromine solution is corrosive. Apart from wearing safety goggles, give another safety precaution which should be taken when shaking the sample with bromine solution. 1 b) Linalool is an alcohol. Copy the structural formula of linalool. Draw the alcohol group in the linalool molecule shown above. 1 c) Linalyl ethanoate is made from an alcohol and ethanoic acid. To which group of compounds does linalyl ethanoate belong? 1 d) Draw the full structural formula for ethanoic acid. 1 (4) 21 39. Which of the following structural formulae is that of an ester? (2.19) 40. a) (2.19) The alcohols are a family of carbon compounds. Methanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form an ester. Name the ester formed. 1 b) Propan-1-ol has the following full structural formula. H H H | | | H – C – C – C – OH | | | H H H Draw the full structural formula for an isomer of propan-1-ol. 1 (2) 22 41. A student’s results are shown below for the PPA ‘Testing for (2.21) Unsaturation’. Hydrocarbon Molecular formula Observation with bromine solution Saturated or unsaturated A C6H14 no change B C6H12 bromine decolourises unsaturated C C6H12 no change D C6H10 bromine decolourises unsaturated saturated saturated Draw a possible structural formula for hydrocarbon D. 1 42. Terpenes are important in the perfume industry. One example is (2.21) called terpinolene. It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C10H16. The structural formula is shown. CH3 | C CH2 CH | | CH2 CH2 C C CH3 CH3 Write the molecular formula for the product of the complete reaction of terpinolene with bromine. 1 23 43. a) What is meant by an unsaturated hydrocarbon? (2.21) b) Bromine solution is used to test for unsaturation. (i) (ii) c) Briefly describe how the test is carried out giving the results you would expect. 1 1 State one precaution which should be taken when carrying out the test. 1 Two hydrocarbons A and B were tested for unsaturation. Hydrocarbon Molecular formula Result of test A C5H10 negative B C5H10 positive Draw a possible structure for each of the hydrocarbons. 1 (4) 24 44. Students set up the apparatus below to carry out the PPA ‘Cracking’. (2.21) a) The PPA gives special instructions as to how the test tube should be heated. Describe how the test tube should be heated. 1 b) (i) (ii) c) The bromine solution is decolourised. What does this tell you about the gases produced by cracking? 1 How is ‘suck back’ avoided? 1 In this experiment, the aluminium oxide is acting as a heterogeneous catalyst. What is meant by a heterogeneous catalyst? 1 (4) 45. Which type of reaction is represented by the equation? (2.22) C2H4 + H2O catalyst C2H5OH 25 46. Name the type of chemical reaction which takes place when iodine (2.22) reacts with propene. 47. A hydrocarbon Y has molecular formula C6H12 and does not react (2.22) with bromine solution. A possible full structural formula for hydrocarbon Y is: 26 48. The diagram below shows the apparatus used in the PPA (2.23) ‘Cracking’. Liquid paraffin is cracked using an aluminium oxide catalyst. Bromine solution is used to show that some of the products are unsaturated. B A C a) Name A, B and C in the diagram of the apparatus used to crack liquid paraffin. 1 b) What safety precaution should be taken before heating is stopped? 1 (2) 49. At a refinery, some fractions from crude oil are cracked. (2.23) What is meant by cracking? 27 1 50. One way in which ethanol is produced industrially is shown below: (2.24) H H H H | | | | C=C catalyst H – C – C – OH | | | | H H H H What name is given to this type of reaction? A condensation B hydration C hydrolysis D oxidation 28 51. Propane can be cracked to produce a mixture of smaller molecules. (2.24) a) Catalysts can be used to speed up a chemical reaction. Give another advantage of using a catalyst. 1 b) Name the process used at step 2 to separate the product mixture. 1 c) Name the other product separated from the mixture in the flowchart. 1 (3) 29 52. (2.25) Gas X will: A burn with a pop B turn limewater cloudy C relight a glowing splint D rapidly decolourise bromine solution 53. Sugar can be added after fermentation has taken place to sweeten (2.26) yogurt. Suggest why the sugar is added after the fermentation stage and not before. 1 30 54. Lavender flowers contain an oil. Lavender oil is produced from the (2.27) flowers by steam distillation. The flowers are put into a flask with a little water. Steam from a steam generator is blown through them to extract the oil. The mixture of lavender oil and steam distils over. It is condensed and collected. The pieces of apparatus which are used to carry out this steam distillation are shown below: Write down the letters in order to show the order in which the pieces of apparatus should be arranged to obtain the mixture. 1 31 55. Ethanol vapour can be dehydrated by passing it over hot aluminium (2.29) oxide. Which of the following compounds would be produced? A ethane B ethane C ethanoic acid D ethyl ethanoate 56. An ethoxyethane molecule can be formed when two ethanol (2.30) molecules join together with the loss of water. CH3CH2OH + HOCH2CH3 CH3CH2 – O – CH2CH3 + H2O Name the type of reaction taking place. 57. The apparatus below can be used to dehydrate ethanol. (2.30) Gas X will: A burn with a pop B relight a glowing splint C turn limewater cloudy D rapidly decolourise bromine solution 32 1 58. a) Draw the full structural formula for propanoic acid. (2.30) b) The diagram below shows how an alkane can be prepared from an alkanoic acid. 1 The equation for the reaction is: alkanoic acid alkane + carbon dioxide Draw and complete the table to show alkanoic acid could be used to produce butane. alkanoic acid alkane ethanoic acid methane propanoic acid ethane butane 1 (2) 59. Which of the following is a renewable source of energy? (2.31) A coal B petrol C ethanol D natural gas 33 60. Ethyl ethanoate can be made by reacting ethanoic acid and ethanol. (2.32) A a) Name this type of chemical reaction. 1 b) A method of making ethyl ethanoate from ethanol only has been developed . 2C2H5OH catalyst CH3COOC2H5 + 2X (i) Name substance X 1 (ii) This method was developed for use in countries where ethanol is made from a renewable source. Name this source of ethanol. 1 (3) 61. DIMP is a useful insect repellent. (2.33) DIMP contains two ester groups as shown by the structure below. When DIMP is hydrolysed it forms a carboxylic acid and an alkanol. Name the alkanol produced when DIMP is hydrolysed. 1 34 62. The diagram shows how an ester with a ‘pear drops’ smell can be (2.35) made. ethanol + pentanoic acid ester + water a) (i) Name the ester formed. 1 (ii) Why can this reaction be described as a condensation reaction? 1 b) Polyesters are synthetic fibres. Part of the structure of a polyester fibre is shown below. (i) Why are polyester fibres described as synthetic? 1 (ii) Draw the ester link in the polyester structure. 1 (4) 35 63. Part of a polymer structure is shown. (2.37) Which of the following gases could not be produced when this polymer is burned? A CO B CO2 C HC1 D HCN 64. Which polymer dissolves readily in water? (2.39) A polystyrene B nylon C poly(ethanol) D Kevlar 65. Biopol is a polymer which is: (2.39) A natural and biodegradeable B synthetic and biodegradeable C natural and non-biodegradeable D synthetic and non-biodegradeable 36 66. A compound has a relative formula mass of 30 and contains only (2.40) carbon and hydrogen. Which statement about the compound is true? A It is a gas. B It has a high viscosity. C It undergoes addition polymerisation. D It decolourises bromine water immediately. 67. Industrial ethanol can be manufactured from ethene by: (2.40) A condensation B dehydration C hydration D hydrolysis 37 68. The flow diagram shows the manufacture of polythene from (2.40) hydrocarbons in crude oil. Crude oil process X Alkanes process Y Ethene process Z Polythene Which line in the table identifies the processes X, Y and Z? Process X Process Y Process Z A distillation cracking hydrolysis B cracking combustion polymerisation C polymerisation distillation hydrolysis D distillation polymerisation cracking 38 69. Part of the structure of an addition polymer is shown below. It is (2.41) made using two different monomers. Which pair of alkenes could be used as monomers? A ethene and propene B ethene and butene C propene and butene D ethane and pentene 39 70. Poly(ethenyl ethanoate) is an addition polymer. Part of its structure (2.41) is shown below: H | C | H a) OCOCH3 | C | H H | C | H OCOCH3 H | | C C | | H H OCOCH3 | C | H Draw the structural formula for the monomer used to make this polymer. 1 b) Poly(ethenyl ethanoate) is used to make the polymer poly(ethenol). poly(ethenyl ethanoate) + methanol poly(ethenol) + methyl ethanoate Methyl ethanoate is also formed in the reaction. (i) What property of poly(ethenol) makes it useful for laundry bags? 1 (ii) Draw a structural formula for methyl ethanoate. 1 (3) 71. To remove small ash and soot particles, emissions are passed (2.41) through cloth filters coated with the polymer, poly (tetrafluoroethene). A section of the polymer is shown. Draw the full structural formula for the monomer from which poly(tetrafluoroethene) is made. 1 40 72. The structure below shows a section of an addition polymer. (2.41) Which molecule is used to make this polymer? 41 73. Propene can take part in addition reactions. (2.41) a) (i) Draw the structural formula for propan-2-ol. 1 (ii) Give another name for the addition reaction that produces propan-2-ol. 1 b) Identify substance Y. c) 1 Draw a section of the polymer formed from propene showing three monomer units linked together. 1 (4) 42 74. Polymers are used in the manufacture of glass windscreens. This (2.42) makes the windscreens less likely to shatter into fragments. a) Name the type of polymerisation reaction used to make polyesters. 1 b) The PVB polymer is made from a monomer with the structure H H | | C=C | | H CH2CHO Draw a section of the polymer showing three monomer units linked together. 1 (2) 75. A section of a polymer is shown below: (2.43) The polymer is: A a polyamide formed by addition polymerisation B a polyamide formed by condensation polymerisation C a polyester formed by addition polymerisation D a polyester formed by condensation polymerisation 43 76. Kevlar is a recently developed polymer. (2.43) a) State a useful property of Kevlar. 1 b) The monomers used to make Kevlar have the following structural formulae. O O H HO – C – C6H4 – C – OH H H – N – C6H4 – N – H Why are these molecules able to take part in condensation polymerisation? c) 1 Kevlar is an example of a polyamide. Draw the structure of an amide link. 1 (3) 77. Nylon is a polymer. (2.43) The monomers shown below are used to produce a nylon. a) Draw a section of the polymer showing the three monomer units linked together. 1 b) What feature of their structure makes these molecules suitable for use as monomers? 1 (2) 44 78. Which of the following groups can react together to form an amide (2.43) (peptide) link? 79. What name is given to the reaction shown by the following equation? (2.44) C2H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O A combustion B condensation C dehydration D hydrolysis 45 80. Which of the following is the molecular formula for a carbohydrate? (2.45) A C6H14O B C6H12O2 C C6H10O4 D C6H12O6 81. A solution containing two carbohydrates was tested as shown. (2.46) The solution could have contained: A starch and sucrose B starch and glucose C glucose and maltose D fructose and sucrose 46 82. Which sugar will not be detected by the Benedict’s test? (2.46) A fructose B glucose C maltose D sucrose 83. In which of the following experiments would both carbohydrates (2.46) give orange precipitate when heated with Benedict’s solution? 47 84. Which carbohydrate gives a positive result when tested with iodine (2.46) solution? A glucose B maltose C sucrose D starch 85. A student was investigating the effect of acid on the hydrolysis of (2.46) starch. a) What colour change would the student have observed? 1 b) A control experiment would be required for the investigation. Draw a labelled diagram of the control experiment. 1 (2) 48 86. During digestion starch is broken down to form glucose. (2.48) What name is given to this type of reaction? A combustion B condensation C fermentation D hydrolysis 87. (2.48) Which line in the table correctly describes reactions X and Y? Reaction X Reaction Y A condensation hydration B condensation hydrolysis C dehydration hydration D dehydration hydrolysis 49 88. What type of substance is formed when starch is hydrolysed? (2.48) A a sugar B a carboxylic acid C an amino acid D an ester 89. In the PPA ‘Hydrolysis of starch’, dilute hydrochloric acid can be (2.48) used to break down the starch. a) After heating with dilute hydrochloric acid, solid sodium hydrogencarbonate is added to each reaction mixture. Why is hydrogencarbonate added at this stage? 1 b) Copy and complete the table to show the results which should be obtained when the reaction mixtures are tested with Benedict’s solution. Reaction mixture Observation on heating with Benedict’s solution A B 1 (2) 50 90. Enzymes are biological catalysts. A chemistry class was (2.49) investigating how the activity of an enzyme changed with pH. They carried out experiments at different pH values and timed how long it took for the enzyme to break down starch. The more active the enzyme, the shorter the time to break down the starch. Here are their results. a) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place when starch is broken down. 1 b) To which class of compounds do enzymes belong? c) What effect does increasing the ph from 5 to 6 have on the activity of the enzyme? 1 1 d) Some students suggested speeding up the rate of the reaction by heating the starch and enzyme mixtures in boiling water baths. Why would this not speed up the reaction rate? 1 e) During the experiment, small samples were removed and tested with iodine solution to see if all the starch had been broken down. Suggest how the students would have known that all the starch had been broken down. 1 (5) 51 91. Which of the following correctly shows the elements present in (2.50) carbohydrates and proteins? Carbohydrates Proteins A C and H C, H and O B C and H C, H, O and N C C, H and O C, H, O and N D C, H, O and N C, H and O 92. Jelly is made from a protein called gelatin. (2.51) a) Name the type of monomers which join together to form proteins. 1 b) A section of the gelatin structure is shown below. (i) (ii) c) Copy and circle a peptide link in this section of the gelatin structure. 1 Draw the structure of the monomer which makes this section of the gelatin structure. 1 Papain, an enzyme found in pineapple juice, can hydrolyse gelatin. When papain is heated to a high temperature it no longer hydrolyses the gelatin. Suggest why. 1 (4) 52 93. Which type of compound is represented by the structure shown? (2.51) A amine B protein C amino acid D carboxylic acid 94. Proteins are formed from amino acids. (2.53) When two amino acids join together A an ester link if formed by an addition reaction B an ester link is formed by a condensation reaction C an amide link is formed by an addition reaction D an amide link is formed by a condensation reaction 95 Which type of reaction occurs during the formation of proteins from (2.53) amino acids? 53 96. The table below shows the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid (2.56) content of a fat and an oil. Source a) fat / oil % Fatty acid in substance Saturated Unsaturated animal chicken fat 68 32 marine cod liver oil 25 75 What do fats and oils provide in our diet? 1 b) Name another source of fats and oils. 1 c) 1 Why do oils have a lower melting point than fats? d) How can oils be converted into hardened fats? 1 (4) 97. Both fats and oils are mixtures of triglycerides. (2.56) Each triglyceride is an ester made from glycerol and fatty acids. The majority of the molecules contain carbon to carbon double bonds. a) Why does a triglyceride molecule have three ester linkages. 1 b) Explain why hardening increases the melting point of a fat or oil. c) 2 On exposure to air, oils turn rancid more rapidly than fats. In this process the triglyceride molecules are broken into small ‘foul-smelling’ molecules. At what functional group within the triglyceride is the breaking likely to occur? 1 (4) 54 98. The mass of iodine that reacts with 100 g of a substance is known (2.56) as the iodine number. Explain why oils are likely to have higher iodine numbers than fats. 1 99. The conversion of an oil into a hardened fat involves the (2.56) A addition of water B removal of water C addition of hydrogen D removal of hydrogen 100. Which of the following are polymers? (2.56) A plant sugars B animal fats C marine oils D vegetable proteins 55 101. What is the ratio of glycerol molecules to fatty acid molecules (2.57) produced on the hydrolysis of a fat or oil? A 1:1 B 1:2 C 1:3 D 1:4 102. Which structure represents a molecule of glycerol? (2.57) 56 103. Which of the following is a naturally occurring ester? (2.57) A fat B protein C starch D sucrose 104. Which compound could be obtained by the hydrolysis of a fat? (2.57) A ethanol B glucose C glycerol D propanol 57 105. Fats are broken down in the body by hydrolysis. (2.57) a) When one mole of fat is hydrolysed, how many moles of fatty acids are produced? 1 b) Name the molecule with the structure shown. 1 c) Lipase is an enzyme which can catalyse the hydrolysis of fats in milk. Copy and complete the diagram to show how the indicator colour would change after lipase was added to the test tube. 1 (3) 58