Download Observational Learning - Social Studies with Mrs. Gabehart

Observational Learning
Observational Learning
• Albert Bandura and his
BoBo Doll
• We learn through
modeling behavior from
others.
• Observational learning +
Operant Conditioning =
Social Learning Theory
Click pic to see some observational learning.
A very powerful ad - may be slightly disturbing for some
Latent Learning
• Edward Toleman
• Three rat experiment.
• Latent means hidden.
• Sometimes learning is not
immediately evident.
• Rats needed a reason to
display what they have
learned.
Cognition & Operant Conditioning
How does latent learning and external rewards affect
learning?
• Rats put in maze for 10 days to explore. No reward.
• Next time in maze, they solved it very fast with food
reward at end – developed cognitive map.
• Latent Learning - learning that becomes apparent only when
incentive to demonstrate it.
Cognition and Motivation
How do in/extrinsic affect learning?
• Intrinsic Motivation - desire to perform
behavior effectively for its own sake. People
with this work and play for enjoyment,
interest, self-expression or challenge.
Examples?
• Extrinsic Motivation – desire to behave in
certain ways to receive external rewards or to
avoid threatened punishment. Examples?
Insight Learning
• Wolfgang Kohler and his
Chimpanzees.
• Some animals learn through
the “ah ha” experience.
Click pic to see insight learning.
• Insight Learning: This is an extension of the
term, insight which was identified by
Wolfgang Kohler while studying the behavior
of chimpanzees. He said that insight learning
is a type of learning or problem solving that
happens all-of-a-sudden through
understanding the relationships of various
parts of a problem rather than through trial
and error.
Sultan, one of Kohler's chimpanzes, learned
to use a stick to pull bananas from outside of
his cage by putting pieces of stick together.
Given two sticks that could be fitted together
to make a single pole that was long enough
to reach the bananas, aligned the sticks and
in a flash of sudden inspiration, fitted the
two sticks together and pulled in the
bananas. He didn't do this by trial and error,
but had a sort of sudden inspiration or
insight.
Classical Conditioning
(to tune of You Are My Sunshine)
You are my Pavlov,
The dogs of Pavlov
You paired the food
with the lights and bells
Response was very involuntary
You taught
classic conditioning well
OPERANT CONDITIONING
His name is Skinner, oh BF Skinner
You put the lab rats
inside your box
With reinforcements,
and even punishments
Consequences shape the response
Don’t forget to write your answers on a separate piece of
paper to grade when you’re done!
1. Once Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork,
the tuning fork was a(n)
a) unconditioned stimulus
b) neutral stimulus
c) conditioned stimulus
d) unconditioned response
2. Shaping is
a) a pattern of responses that must be made
before classical conditioning is completed
b) rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired
goal behavior
c) completing a set of behaviors in a succession before a reward
is given
d) giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you
will eat more carrots
3. John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there
until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is he rewarded?
a) fixed ratio
b) fixed interval
c) variable ratio
d) variable interval
4. Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the
tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as
a) primary reinforcers
b) classical conditioning
c) secondary reinforcers
d) unconditioned reinforcers
5. Try as you might, you are unable to teach your dog to do a
somersault. He will roll around on the ground, but he refuses to
execute the gymnastic move you desire because of
a) preparedness
b) instinctive drift
c) chaining
d) shaping
6. Watson and Rayner’s classical conditioning of “Little Albert” was
helpful in explaining that
a) some conditioned stimuli do not generalize
b) human emotions such as fear are subject to
classical
conditioning
c) drug dependency is subject to classical as well
as operant
conditioning
d) small children are not as easily conditioned as
older
children
7. Jamel got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his
friend’s house. He didn’t know that he had a stomach virus at the
time, blamed his illness on the mushrooms, and refused to eat them
again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for his
taste aversion to mushrooms?
a) pizza
b) stomach virus
c) mushrooms
d) headache
8. If a previous experience has given your pet the expectancy that
nothing it does will prevent an aversive stimulus from occurring, it will
likely
a) be motivated to seek comfort from you
b) experience learned helplessness
c) model the behavior of other pets in hopes of
avoiding it
d) seek out challenges like this in the future to
disprove
the expectation
9. While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive at the
answer to a chemistry problem you’d been working on several hours
before. This is an example of:
a) insight
b) backward conditioning
c) latent learning
d) discrimination
10. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
a) Buying a child a video game after she throws a tantrum.
b) Going inside to escape a thunderstorm.
c) Assigning a student detention for fighting.
d) Getting a cavity filled at the dentist to halt a toothache.
11. The first step in a behavior modification
a) gather baseline data
b) specify the antecedent
c) specify the target behavior
d) design a program
program is to
12. In classical conditioning, the stimulus that is originally neutral in
regard to the response to be learned is the
a) unconditioned stimulus
b) unconditioned response
c) conditioned stimulus
d) conditioned response
13. Typically, most people would
a) enjoy being negatively reinforced or
b) dislike being negatively reinforced or
c) enjoy being negatively reinforced and
punished
d) enjoy being punished and dislike being
reinforced
punished
punished
dislike being
negatively
14. Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to
a) sing a song
b) tie shoe laces
c) print letters
d) fear the dark
15. The initial stage of learning a response is called
a) extinction
b) contiguity
c) acquisition
d) conditioning
Answer Key
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. A
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
C
C
C
D
C