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The Muslim World
in the Middle Ages
622-1629
10-1 Rise of Islam
The Prophet Muhammad
• Geographic Setting
– Arabian Peninsula
• Mecca
– Why was it important?
• Who was Muhammad?
– Born in Mecca in 570 A.D. (100 years after
the fall of Rome)
– Successful business merchant, husband, and
father.
– What happened when he was meditating?
• Was encouraged by his wife, Khadija, to share his
vision.
• What was his message?
– Allah
• The Hijra: A Turning Point
– He was forced to leave Mecca. Why?
• Moved to Medina (Yathrib)
– Welcomed by the people of
Medina!
– Became center city of Islam
– Muslim
Islamic Calendar
• AKA- Muslim calendar or Hijri calendar
• lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355
days
• used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper days on which
to observe Holidays
• The first year was the Islamic year beginning in 622 BCE during the
emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra,
occurred.
• Each numbered year is designated either H for Hijra or AH for the
Latin anno Hegirae (in the year of the Hijra)
• What year is it in the Hijri Calendar?
Hebrew Calendar
•
Aka- Jewish calendar
•
lunisolar calendar used today for Jewish religious observances.
•
It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public
reading of Torah portions and daily Psalm reading
•
In Israel, it is an official calendar for civil purposes and provides a time
frame for agriculture.
•
•
What year is it in the Hebrew Calendar?
Originally the Babylonian calendar was used by Jews for all daily purposes,
but following the conquest of Jerusalem by Pompey in 63 BCE , Jews
began following the imperial civil calendar, which was decreed in 45 BCE,
for civic matters such as the payment of taxes and dealings with
government officials.
What influence does Rome
have on the Hijri and Hebrew
Calendar?
Teachings of Islam
– Monotheistic, like __________ & __________
– Quran (Koran)• Judgment Day
• No mediators between people and God
•
Five Pillars
1. One God, recognize all prophets: Abraham,
Moses, Jesus etc.
2. Daily Prayer
3. Charity (Alms)
4. Observe Ramadan
5. Pilgrimage to
Mecca
A Way of Life
• Sharia- Muslim Religious Laws
– Regulates moral conduct; it connects religious
mattes to criminal and civil law.
• Impact of Islam on Women
– Male dominated
– However, had many new rights: consent to
marry, inheritance, right to an education
– Absorbed customs from Persian and
Byzantine
• Veils of upper class women
Types of Muslim Veil
What’s your Opinion?
10-2 Islam Spreads
An Age of Conquests
• From Victory to Victory (8th century)
– Under first four caliphs, Arab armies
conquered: Syria, Palestine, Damascus,
Persia, Egypt, Spain, and Jerusalem.
Reasons for Success
Why were the Arabs successful conquerors
1. Treatment of Conquered People
– Tolerance to “People of the Book”
– Treated conquered people well
2. Unified as Muslims
3. Advanced Technology and Armies
4. Weakness of surrounding Empires
–Ex- ___________________ & _____________
• Muslims in Europe
– Where did Islam flourish?
Movements Within Islam
• Sunni and Shiites
– Fundamentally similar
• Sunni believed _____________
• Shiite believed _____________
– Grew to admire martyrdom of
murdered caliphs
• Sufi
– Muslim mystics who
sought communion with God through:
Empire of the Caliphs
• Umayyads
– Dynasty ruled until 750
– Atlantic to Indus Valley
– Shiites hated them. Why?
– Tension with non-Arabs. Why?
• Abbassids 750-1258
–
–
–
–
Conquered Damascus and killed Umayyad family.
Ended Arab dominance
Made Islam universal
Golden age
• Splendors of Baghdad
– New Capital
– Exceeded size and
wealth of Constantinople
Decline of the Caliphate
• Seljuks
– Migrated from central Asia in 900s to Middle East.
– Crusades 1095
• Crusaders
– Pope Urban III, Pope Eugene II
VS Salah al-Din
What was the result?
• Mongols
– 1258 conquered Baghdad
– Converted to Islam!!!!!!!!
– Timur the Lame
• Overran Muslim and non-Muslim land
10-3 Golden Age of Muslim
Civilization
Society and the Economy
• Islam blended with and made converts of all cultures except:
• Social Classes
– More open and tolerant than ______
• Define Social mobility-
– Slavery
• Characteristics of slavery in the Muslim
Empire:
• An International Trade Network
– “The honest, truthful Muslim merchant will stand with the martyrs
on the Day of Judgment. I commend the merchants to you, for
they are the couriers of the horizon and God’s trusted servants
on Earth.”
-Sayings of the Prophet
COMPARE the status of Merchants in Europe, Asia
and the Middle East.
– Vast trade network
• Spread Islam, technology, and products
• Why were they so successful?
• New business practices like ____________,
_________, & ______________.
• Manufacturing
– Set up guilds, like the _______________.
– Steel, leather, cotton, carpets, glassware,
furniture, and tapestries were produced.
• Agriculture
– Nomads and farmers shared economic ties
Art and Literature
• Design and Decoration
– No images of God or prophets
– Arabesque & Calligraphy
• Architecture
– What styles did they
adapt from the Byzantine
Empire?
• Poetry
– Rich tradition of oral poetry
– Influenced medieval European literature and
music
• Stories and Tales
– Prized the art of storytelling
• “Aladdin and His Magic Lamp”
• “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”
– The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
• By Omar Khayyam
The World of Learning
• “Seek knowledge even as far as China.”
-The Prophet Muhammad
• Centers of Learning
– Boys and girls were educated
– Emphasis on ____________________________
– Where was Muslim center of learning?
• Philosophy
– Translated works of Greek, Hindu, and Buddhist work
– Stressed: economics, history, and sociology
• Mathematics
– Al-Khwarizmi made advancements in Algebra
• Astronomy
– Studied: eclipses, earth’s rotation, and its
circumference
• Medicine
– Pharmacy
– Emergency rooms
– Positive encouragement
• Canon on Medicine
by IBN SINA had over
4000 prescriptions
• Knowledge Moves West
– Spread through Europe by _______________
– European physicians attended Muslim
universities in _______.
• Why here?
10-4 Muslims in India
The Delhi Sultanate
• Origins of the Sultanate
–
–
–
–
In 1000, Muslim Turks and Afghans pushed into India
Delhi
Sultanate est. 1206-1526
Why did the Muslims triumph?
• Effects of Muslim Rule
– Trade increases
– Conflicts with Hindus
– Decline in Buddhism
• Decline
– Invasion of India by Tamerlane in 1398
– End of sultan domination
– Hindu and Muslim rivalry
Muslims and Hindus
• Hindu-Muslim Differences
–
–
–
–
Age of religions
No Idols
/ Statues (idols)
Monotheists / Polytheists
No Social Classes / Caste
• Interactions
– Taxes higher for non- Muslims
– Second-class if not Muslim
– Hindus converted; why?
• Cultural Blending
– What Indian culture did Muslims adopt?
• Nanak
– Sikh
Mughal India
• Babur Founds a Dynasty
– 1526 Babur, conquered Delhi sultanate and est. Mughal dynasty.
• Akbar the Great
– Tolerant Muslim
• Caste
• Tax
• Strength in diversity
• Improvements
–
–
–
–
Military
International trade
Land reform
Paid officials
• Akbar’s Successors
– Taj Mahal
10-5 Ottoman and Safavid:
Expansion and Frontiers
• Osman established the Ottoman Empire in
northwest Anatolia in 1300 CE. His
successors fought against ________ and
captured ___________.
Central Institutions
• New military flexibility 14th century
– Janissaries “new troops”
• What code did this break?
– Devshirme
• Learned from Turkish families
• could achieve high rank and political status
Economic Change and Growing
Weakness, 1650-1750
• Changes in Ottoman institution
– Secluded sultan
– Devshirme discontinued
– Janissaries, less military
What changes in clothing
can be seen from the
soldiers in the earlier
times to this picture?
What event sped up the fall
of the Ottoman Empire?