Download Energy Transformation — Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Energy Transformation — Photosynthesis
and Cellular Respiration
by CHED on June 15, 2017
lesson duration of 6 minutes
under General Biology 1
generated on June 15, 2017 at 09:06 am
Tags: Energy , Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration
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Generated: Jun 15,2017 05:06 PM
Energy Transformation — Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
( 4 hours and 6
mins )
Written By: CHED on July 11, 2016
Subjects: General Biology 1
Tags: Energy , Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration
Resources
Biology 8th Edition
Solomon, Eldra P. et al.,
al., (2008). Biology 8th Edition. China: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Inquiry into Life 11th Edition
Mader, Sylvia S. (2016). Inquiry into Life 11th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill.
Biology 10th Edition
Mader, Sylvia S. (2010). Biology 10th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill.
Science and Technology 9
Alumaga, Maria Jessica B. et al., (2014). Science and Technology 9. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House.
Biology Corner
https://www.biologycorner.com//
Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
1. ATP- ADP Cycle
2. Photosynthesis
3. Respiration
Performance Standard
Prepare simple fermentation setup using common fruits to produce wine or vinegar via microorganisms
Learning Competencies
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The learners explain the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation and aerobic respiration
Introduction/Review 5 mins
Review with the class that oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction that involves electrons passing from one molecule to
another. Oxidation (also splitting) is the loss of electrons while reduction is the gain of electrons. You can show this
picture to your students and try to ask questions so that you can generate critical thinking skills from them. To help
them visualize the concept, a diagram of redox reaction is also shown below. Ask your students which organisms (in
the picture below) photosynthesize and which respire (take note that plants both photosynthesize and respire at the
same time). Then show the equation of redox reaction after your students have given their responses. You may also
ask examples of oxidation reaction (e.g.
(e.g.,, browning of peeled potato, banana, and eggplant). For redox reactions,
examples are rusting of iron, burning of combustible material (e.g.
(e.g.,, wood, coal, etc.)
etc.)
NOTE:
., photosynthesis and cellular respiration) is one of the difficult topics in biology. To
NOTE: Energy transformation (e.g
(e.g.,
capture the general picture of the topic, students have to be encouraged to read and re-read the key concept, write
and re-write, outline and re-outline, draw and re-draw, and recite orally if they want the ideas to sink in their minds.
Patience and steadfastness are important values that should be included as they study this concept.
NOTE TO THE ILLUSTRATOR:
ILLUSTRATOR: For the purpose of localization and contextualization, please draw a similar
picture/diagram above illustrating the Philippine Tamaraw.
Courtesy: Mader, Sylvia S. (2010). Biology 10th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved July 20, 2015).
Countless chemical reactions are occurring in cells to do essential life functions with the help of ATP as the energy
currency of the cells. Ask your students what are the tasks of ATP. The following are the answers:
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1. Chemical work: ATP is used for building macromolecules
2. Transport work: ATP is used for transporting ions membranes
3. Mechanical work: ATP is used for mechanical processes such as muscle contraction, cilia movement
For additional information, tell the class that ATP is also involved in rigor mortis — a temporary stiffness of the body
that happens soon after the death of a person.
Motivation/Instruction 1 mins
Post these two questions on the board. Ask the students to identify the process involved in each question so that food
is manufactured and energy is released.
1. How do plants harness light energy to manufacture food?
2. How do living organisms harness energy from food?
Then show to them the overall equation for each process as follows:
1. Chemical reactions for photosynthesis:
6 CO2 + 6 H20 + sunlight ? C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Which groups go in?
Which groups come out?
2. Chemical reactions for cellular respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + about 38 molecules of ADP ? 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + about 38 molecules of ATP
Which groups go in?
Which groups are released?
Instruction/Delivery 120 mins
Activity 1: Overview of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Materials needed:
needed: Pictures of stages of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, LCD (if available), markers, Manila
paper(s), white cartolina, any updated general biology book(s), Internet (if available).
Procedure:
Procedure:
1. You can re-draw these pictures of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in Manila paper if LCD is not
available. You can also go to computer/printing shop and make these pictures into tarpaulin for longer use.
2. Group your students into triad according to their learning skills. Give each member a task to do in order to
promote mutual cooperation among them.
3. Give them questions to answer for discussions. Tell them to prepare and bring out their Manila paper and
markers.
4. Have them report to the class.
Picture 1: Overview of Photosynthesis
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Courtesy: Mader, Sylvia S. (2010). Biology 10th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved July 20, 2015).
Picture 2: Overview of Photosynthesis
Courtesy: Solomon, Eldra P. et al.,
al., (2008). Biology 8th Edition. China: Thomson Brooks/Cole (Retrieved July 20,
2015).
Picture 3: Overview of the Stages of the Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis
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Courtesy: Mader, Sylvia S. (2010). Biology 10th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved July 20, 2015).
Picture 4:Overview
4:Overview of Glucose Breakdown
Courtesy: Mader, Sylvia S. (2010). Biology 10th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved July 20, 2015).
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Picture 5: Overview of ATP Yield per Glucose Molecule
Courtesy: Mader, Sylvia S. (2010). Biology 10th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved July 20, 2015).
NOTE:
NOTE: For picture number 5, familiarize your students with the events of cellular respiration. One event of redox
reaction occurs in the cytoplasm. The other two events occur in the mitochondrion with its corresponding ATP
molecules produced and the participation of NADH and FADH2.
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Processing Questions:
Questions:
1. What are the two kinds of reactions in photosynthesis? (Please see pictures 1 and 2.)
2. What are the basic stages of the Calvin cycle? (Please see picture 3.)
3. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? (Please see pictures 1 and 2.)
4. In which part of the cell glycolysis happens? What about the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain?
(Please see pictures 4 and 5.)
5. How many metabolic pathways are there in cellular aerobic respiration? In anaerobic respiration? (Please
see pictures 4 and 5.)
6. What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration? (Please see pictures 4 and 5)
7. About how many ATP molecules does a cell obtain from the breakdown of one molecule of glucose in cellular
respiration? (Please see pictures 4 and 5.)
8. Given the glucose, carbon dioxide and water, which one(s) is/are called high-energy molecule and which
one(s) is/are called low-energy molecule?
Suggested answers:
answers:
1. Light-dependent reaction and light-independent reaction (also known as Calvin cycle reaction or carbon fixation
reaction).
2. The basic stages of Calvin cycle reaction are: carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, RuBP regeneration.
3. Reactants: carbon dioxide and water; products: carbohydrates and oxygen
4. Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of the cell; citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and ETC are in the mitochondrion of
the eukaryotic cell.
5. In cellular aerobic respiration: three; in anaerobic respiration: one
6. Reactants: carbohydrates, oxygen, and about 38 ADP molecules; products: carbon dioxide, water and about 38
ATP molecules
7. About 36 to 38 ATP molecules (NOTE
(NOTE:: This number is just a ratio. Some biology authors say there are 30, 32 or 34
ATP molecules produced depending on the shuttle used to transport the electrons and on the kind of species.)
8. High-energy molecules: glucose; low-energy molecules: carbon dioxide and water
Activity 2: Major Events and Features of Photosynthesis
Materials needed:
needed: Individual paper and ball pen, any updated biology book(s), Internet (if available).
Procedure:
Procedure:
1. Fill-in the two tables below for the major events and features of photosynthesis and cellular respiration,
respectively.
2. The option tables are given for you to answer the needed materials and end products of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration.
Reaction Series
Light-dependent reactions
Needed Materials
a.
End Products
a.
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(takes place in the thylakoid
b.
membrane.)
c.
Photochemical
reactions
Electron transport
Chemiosmosis
Carbon fixation reactions (takes
place in stroma.)
stroma.)
2.
b.
c.
2.
Option Table
Electrons
NADPH, O2
Electrons, NADP+, H2O,
electron acceptors
Proton gradient, ADP + P,
ATP synthase
Light energy; pigments
(chlorophyll)
Carbohydrates, ADP + P,
NADP+
ATP
Ribulose bisphosphate,
bisphosphate, CO2,
ATP, NADPH, necessary
enzymes
Major Events and Features of Cellular Respiration
Stage
Starting Materials
1. Glycolysis (in cytosol)
2. Preparatory reaction
3. Citric acid cycle
4.Electron transport and chemiosmosis
End Products
Option Table
Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP Pi
Acetyl CoA, H2O, NAD+,
FAD, ADP Pi
Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH
Glucose, ATP, NAD+, ADP Pi Pyruvate, Coenzyme A,
NAD+
CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD
Suggested answers:
answers:
Major Events and Features of Photosynthesis
Reaction Series
1.Light-dependent reactions (takes
place in the thylakoid membrane.)
Needed Materials
End Products
a. Light-energy; pigments (chlorophyll) a. Electrons
b. NADPH, O2
b. Electron transport
b. Electrons, NADP+, H2O, electron
acceptors
c. Proton gradient, ADP + P, ATP
synthase
d. Chemiosmosis
2.Carbon fixation reactions (takes
place in stroma.)
stroma.)
2. Ribulose bisphosphate,
bisphosphate, CO2, ATP,
NADPH, necessary enzymes
2. Carbohydrates, ADP + P, NADP+
a. Photochemical reactions
c. ATP
Major Events and Features of Cellular Respiration
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Stage
1. Glycolysis (in cytosol)
2. Preparatory reaction
3. Citric acid cycle
4. Electron transport and
chemiosmosis
Starting Materials
Glucose, ATP, NAD+, ADP Pi
Pyruvate, Coenzyme A, NAD+
Acetyl CoA, H2O, NAD+, FAD, ADP Pi
NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP Pi
End Products
Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH
CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD
Activity 3: Gaseous Products of Photosynthesis
NOTE:
NOTE: If there is enough time and the materials are available, let the class do this activity.
Materials needed:
needed: 1000 mL beaker, 3 grams of sodium bicarbonate, Hydrilla or Elodea,
Elodea, funnel, test tube.
Procedure:
Procedure:
1. Half-fill a 1000 mL beaker with tap water.
2. Add 3 grams of sodium bicarbonate.
3. Place Hydrilla or Elodea in the bottom of the beaker.
4. Put a funnel over the plant.
5. Fill the test tube with water up to the brim. Secure the mouth of the test tube with your thumb. Invert the tube and
place it on top of the funnel.
6. Place the beaker under direct sunlight. Count the bubbles that appear in the test tube after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150,
180, and 210 seconds.
7. After several minutes, slowly remove the test tube from the funnel. Place your thumb over its mouth. Turn the tube
right up and insert a glowing match to test the presence of the oxygen in the tube.
Adapted from: Science and Technology II for the Modern World. (2003). Makati City: Diwa Scholastic Press, Inc.
Enrichment 30 mins
Directions:
Directions: Show the basic similarity and differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The options are
provided for in the other table below.
PART I:
I: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Raw materials
End products
Electron transfer compound
Location of electron transport
chain
Organelle involved
ATP production
Source of electron for ETC
Type of metabolic reaction
Terminal electron acceptor for
electron transport chain
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Option Table
O2
Glucose, oxygen
NADP+ is turned to NADPH
Phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
Chloroplast
Photophosphorylation
In noncyclic electron transport :H2O
Glucose, oxygen
In noncyclic electron transport: NADP+
Anabolism
Carbon dioxide, water
NAD+ is turned to NADH+
Mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)
Mitochondrion
Thylakoid membrane
Immediate source: NADH and FADH2
Catabolism
Carbon dioxide, water
Suggested answers:
answers:
1.Raw materials
2.End products
3.Electron transfer compound
4.Location of electron transport chain
Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide, water
Glucose, oxygen
NADP+ is turned to NADPH
Thylakoid membrane
Cellular Respiration
Glucose, oxygen
Carbon dioxide, water
NAD+ is turned to NADH+
Mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)
5.Organelle involved
6.ATP production
Chloroplast
Photophosphorylation
7.Source of electron for ETC
In noncyclic electron transport :H2O
(undergoes photolysis to yield
electrons, protons, and oxygen)
Anabolism
In noncyclic electron transport:
NADP+ (becomes reduced to form
NADPH)
Mitochondrion
Phosphorylation and oxidative
phosphorylation
Immediate source: NADH and FADH2,
Ultimate source: glucose
8.Type of metabolic reaction
9.Terminal electron acceptor for
electron transport chain
Catabolism
O2 (becomes reduced to form H2O)
Connecting the Concepts with the Biological Systems
Chloroplasts and mitochondria play a significant role in metabolism and their enzyme-requiring pathways
permit a flow of energy through all living things.
The energy transformations that take place in these organelles result in a loss of energy in the form of heat.
Therefore, all organisms are in need of a constant supply of energy, which they get from their food.
Food is ultimately produced by plants, which have the ability to capture solar energy. Photosynthesizing
organisms form the basis of most food chains on Earth.
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Adapted from: Mader, Sylvia S. (2011). Biology 11th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill
Evaluation 90 mins
Directions:
Directions: Summarize the similarity of the two organelles as they carry out opposite processes.
PART II:
II: Revisit of Energy Organelles
SET A: Revisit of Energy Organelles
Structure
Use of Membrane
Electron Transport Chain
Enzyme
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
SET B:
B: Photosynthesis versus Cellular Respiration
Directions:
Directions: Using the following descriptions for photosynthesis and cellular respiration below, bring out your long bond
paper or Oslo paper, pencil, ruler, ball pen and coloring materials. Show an illustration/diagram comparing the
structure and function of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Label the parts of the organelles. The suggested rubric for the
drawing is given below.
In Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis:
Water is oxidized and oxygen is released.
Has electron transport chain located within the grana of chloroplasts, where ATP is produced by
chemiosmosis.
Has enzyme-catalyzed reactions within the semi-fluid interior.
Carbon dioxide is reduced to a carbohydrate.
In Cellular respiration:
Oxygen is reduced to water.
Has electron transport chain located within the cristae of the mitochondria, where ATP is produced by
chemiosmosis.
Has enzyme-catalyzed reactions within the semi-fluid interior.
A carbohydrate is oxidized to carbon dioxide.
Rubric for the Drawing
Standard
Contrast and intensity of
drawing
Blending of colors
Neatness
Excellent (7 points)
Shows exceptional artistic
and skillful color contrast;
and meaningful color
concentration.
Color mix is exceptionally
creative, appropriate and
meaningful.
Completely free from mess.
Good (5 points)
Shows generally acceptable
artistic and skillful color
contrasts; and meaningful
color concentration.
Color mix is generally
creative, appropriate and
meaningful.
Almost free from mess.
Fair (3 points)
Shows generally vague color
contrasts; and indiscernible
sense of color concentration.
Color mix needs
improvement.
Messy.
PART III:
III: Construction of a Concept Map
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Directions:
Directions: Group the class into triad. Make each group construct a concept map to help them develop their
understanding of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Suggested rubric is given below.
Rubric for the Concept Map
Standard
Excellent
(10 points)
Content knowledge
Information is complete and
accurate.
Originality in organization of Exceptionally well-organized
ideas
and understandable.
Neatness
Completely free from mess.
Good
Fair
(7 points)
(4 points)
Information is mostly
Information is mostly
complete and accurate.
incomplete and inaccurate.
Generally well-organized and Fairly understandable.
understandable.
Almost free from mess.
Messy.
PART IV:
IV: Sequence in Aerobic Respiration
Directions:
Directions: Arrange the following to get the right energy flow sequence in aerobic respiration.
NADH
Electron Transport Chain
Glucose
ATP
Suggested answers:
answers:
1. Glucose 2. NADH 3. Electron Transport Chain 4. ATP
Directions:
Directions: Identify the following statements as photosynthesis or cellular respiration.
_______________1. Energy-releasing pathways
_______________2. Energy-acquiring pathways
Suggested answers:
answers:
1. Cellular respiration
2. Photosynthesis
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