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PERIOD 7
Biodiversity
Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
Virus
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
BY: ALEXANDRIA MAGGIO
C HAPTER 1
Viruses
A virus is a microorganism. A virus uses cells
of living organisms, that are called a host to
keep itself alive, and also to replicate. A virus
may have good outcomes or mutate into a bad
outcome, later becoming harmful to a persons
body.
V IRUS
Characteristics
Viruses are organisms that don’t follow
the six characteristics of living things.
• Viruses do not contain ribosomes or enzymes, which causes them to not have
the ability to metabolize.
• Do not use own energy to respond to
there surroundings.
• Do not grow and develop.
• Do not have cellular organization.
• Do not have self initiated movement.
• Viruses do not have the ability to reproduce on their own. They require a host
to reproduce.
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V IRUS
Structure
Virus
Viruses contain the following structures. Protein coat, genetic
material, inner corner and outer membrane. The inner corner
protects the genetic material. The two basic structures found
in a virus is the protein coat and genetic material.
Genetic Material: Contains instructions
on developing new viruses.
Outer Membrane:
Surrounds the
virus to give extra
protection. Only
certain viruses
have this extra
protection.
Protein Coat:
Protects the virus.
Wraps around the genetic material.
Inner Corner: The inner corner is where the
genetic material is
stored.
Viruses have proteins (shown as spikes) to attach to its
host.
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V IRUS
Method of Multiplication
In order for a virus to multiply, it must attach itself to a host
cell. When a virus enters the host cell, it's genetic material then
overrides the cells functions. It will then direct the host to create genetic material. Then the collected genetic material will
create new viruses.
Active Virus Multiplication: The bacterium automatically begins its process of multiplying in its host cell.
Viruses go through a total of five phases when reproducing/
multiplying.
1. Attachment - attaching to perform a certain function
2. Penetration - action of makings your way through something
3. Un- Coating - the removing of the protein coat or envelope of
a virus.
4. Biosynthesis - producing of complicated molecules in cells or
living organisms.
Hidden Virus Multiplication: The bacterium waits a longer period of time, before it come out of hiding to begin its process
of attacking the host cell.
Click Here for an Interactive Video!
5. Maturation and Release - the virus becomes infectious
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/viral-lifecycle
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V IRUS
Role in Nature
Viruses clear out the waste in our bodies when they are not severe such
as the common cold. Viruses like bacteriophages kill spectrums on
bacteria that is harmful to the human body. Viruses can be helpful to
humans by helping us find cures to diseases, but their main role in nature is causing diseases. Virus Review Quiz
Question 1 of 3
What are two of the basic needed structures within a virus?
Viruses are often named by
•
The disease they cause
•
The organisms they effect
•
Place they were first found
A. protein coat and cytoplasm
•
Named after people
B. cytoplasm and genetic material
C. protein coat and genetic material
Some viruses include:
D. cytoplasm and cell wall
• Chicken pox - red blister like bumps, symptoms start with flu like
symptoms, such as a fever, headache, sore throat and stomach ache.
The chicken pox usually lasts only a few days. Vaccines are given
Flu or Influenza - Symptoms include a fever, chills, earaches, body
aches, headaches, cough and sinus problems. The flu does a vaccine
that will prevent people from getting the virus. Shots and mists are
usually given by the time a child turns two, every year before flu
season.
Check Answer
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C HAPTER 2
Bacteria
Bacteria are single celled organisms, also
referred to as unicellular organisms.
They are prokaryotes because they lack
the nucleus structure.
B ACTERIA
Characteristics
Bacteria is a microscopic organism. Their genetic material is
not contained within a nuclei. Bacteria is a living organism therefore it follows the 6 living
characteristics which are:
•
Growth and Development
•
Self Initiated movement
•
Reproduction
•
Metabolize
•
Response to Surroundings
•
Cellular Organization
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B ACTERIA
Structure
Cell Wall:
• Provides bacteria and other cells with structural support
and extra protection.
Bacteria
Cell Membrane:
• Is a semipermeable structure that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. Is the first layer of protection.
Cytoplasm:
• Contains all the cells structures excluding the nucleus.
Ribosomes:
• Makes proteins
Genetic Material:
The long, whiplike structures help the bacteria cell move
along.
• Instructions for cellular functions.
Flagella:
• Helps the cell move. A long whiplike type structure.
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B ACTERIA
Classification
Bacteria are single celled organisms, also
referred to as unicellular organisms.
•
Prokaryote
•
3 different shapes
1. Spherical (cocci)
2. Rod like (bacilli)
3. Spiral (spirilla)
• Vary in size- use micrometers to
measure.
POPOVER! Double tap to activate!
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B ACTERIA
Reproduction
Bacteria reproduce by the process of binary fission. In order to
reproduce, bacteria must be in the right temperature, a suitable
amount of food. They reproduce very frequently. With the right
conditions, bacteria can reproduce as frequent as every 20 minutes. asexual: •
involves only one parent
•
offspring are identical to that one parent
binary fission:
•
•
they get this through a thin, bridge like material
that connects the two cells.
Role in Nature: Bacteria plays the roles in nature of:
•
creating of food and oxygen. Foods include cheese,
yogurt, vinegar.
•
recycling in the environment (decomposes)
•
cleanup (oil spills)
•
health maintenance and medicine production.
(Ecoli, In the intestines, making insulin)
Click here for an interactive video!
each cell gets entire copy of parent's genetic material
•
each cell only gets a part of the parent’s ribosomes and
cytoplasm
sexual:
•
two parents combine genetic material
•
new organism doesn’t contain either parents full genetic material
conjugation:
•
one bacterium gets part of the other bacterium's
genetic material
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-bacterial-growthgeneration-time-curves-phases-stages.html
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B ACTERIA
Role in Nature
Bacteria Review Quiz
Bacteria plays a big part in nature. Bacteria helps with the creating of food and oxygen which are to basic needs to all living things.
Sone of the foods bacteria helps produce are cheese, yogurt, and
vinegar. Bacteria also helps with clean up in the environment. It
helps with recycling by being a natural decomposer. Bacteria
helps with cleaning up oil spills. Bacteria also helps with health
maintenance and making medications. Ecoli in the intestines and
making insulin is just two things bacteria helps with medically.
Positive Effects: Bacterium eat the chemicals found in oil spills,
getting rid of the harmful waste.
Negative effects: Some bacterial diseases such as salmonella can
be harmful to humans bodies. For example, when uncooked eggs
or uncooked chicken is eaten severe symptoms can be given do to
the harmful bacterium's.
Question 1 of 2
In what ways can bacteria have a positive
outcome in there roles in nature?
A. Cleaning up oil spills
B. Making insulin in humans bodies
C. producing food and oxygen
D. All of the Above
Check Answer
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C HAPTER 3
Protists
Protists are eukaryotic organisms but are
not classified as a plant, animal, or fungus.
Most protists are unicellular meaning that
they have only one cell. Some protists like
algae are multicellular.
P ROTISTS
Characteristics
Protists are eukaryotic organisms. Protists are considered to be in a odds and
ends kingdom. Protists are unicellular organisms most of the time while others are
multicellular. Some are autotrophs while
some are heterotrophs.
Although they are considered to be very
different from one another, all protists to
share some of the same characteristics. All
protists live in moist surroundings.
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P ROTISTS
Structure
Food Vacuole: Two ends of two pseudopods that fuse
together form a food vacuole.
Protists
Pseudopods: Protists use pseudopods to move around
and also to feed. They form when cytoplasm flows toward
one location and the remains of the protist follow.
Cell Membrane: Protects protists. Is a thin layer of protection, allowing protists structural shape to change.
Contractile Vacuole: Collects excess water from the cytoplasm and expels it from the cell.
This picture shows all of the main structures that are found
in all protists.
Nucleus: Controls the cell’s functions and helps with the
process of reproduction.
A protist contains a food vacuole, pseudopods, cell membrane, contractile vacuole, and a nucleus. A protists structural looking can be very different from other protists, because the cell membrane allows the protists to change its appearance often. Every protist has a different shape than any
other just like snowflakes.
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P ROTISTS
Classification
Protists are classified in
three main groups. 1. Animal-like protists
2. Plant-like protists
3. Fungus-like protists
An amoeba is an example of a animal like protists.
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P ROTISTS
Animal-Like Protists
POPOVERS!!
(Double Tap The Pictures to
see the popovers so that you
can see what each examples of
protists go with each type.)
Animal like protists share many characteristics with animals
such as the way they act.
• Create movement
• Are classified by the way they move.
•
•
•
•
4 Types of Animal Like Protists
Amoeba - They are found in salt and freshwater, soil, and
also in animals. They have a very high structure, and can is
a soft, jellylike protozoan.
Flagellates - They use flagella to move. Some flagellates
live in water, and some can also be considered as a parasite.
Ciliates - Ciliates are very complex protozoa. They have
hundreds of cilia, which is a hairlike structure. The Cilia are
used to gather food through water that is ahead of the ciliate.
Spore Forming Protist - Parasites that absorb nutrients
from their hosts. Do not have cilia or flagella, therefore they
cannot move on their own.
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P ROTISTS
Plant-Like Protists
Plant-Like Protists are mostly referred as algae. Most plant
like protists are producers and consumers. Most use photosynthesis to gather food, while others eat other protists or absorb nutrients for food.
6 Types of Plant Like Protists
• Red Algae - This group contains most of Earth’s seaweeds. They
hold chlorophyll and a red pigment that gives them there color. They
live in marine waters.
• Brown Algae - They live in cooler climates. They contain chlorophyll and a yellowish-brown pigment that gives it its color. The color
they have mainly comes from the chlorophyll they contain.
• Green Algae - The chlorophyll gives the algae its color which is
green. It lives in moist soil and water, and sometimes can be found
in melting snow.
• Diatoms - They are single cellular and live in salt and fresh water.
They use photosynthesis and are a phytoplankton.
• Dinoflagellates - They are mostly single celled. Most live in salt water but some are found in freshwater. They have two flagellates that
makes the protist spin. They mostly use photosynthesis and some
are red and contain a strong poison.
• Euglenoids - They are single celled and mostly live in fresh water.
They contain both plant and animal characteristics. They use photosynthesis, but when there is a lack of sun light they are consumers.
POPOVERS! Examples of each different type of plant-like
protists. Double click to activate!
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P ROTISTS
Fungus-Like Protists
Fungus like protists are organisms that get their food from
dead organic matter. They often use structures called pseudopods also refereed to as “false feet”, to move around.
Slime Molds: They help recycle organic material throughout the environment. There are many stages when it comes to
slime molds. In the first stage they look like amoebas and in
the second stage they form mold like clumps they produce
spores. They are sometimes located on forest floors and also
on compost piles that you may keep in your very own backyard.
Water Molds: This type of protists appears to look just like
white mold. It can be found growing on dead fish surfaces
and some are even plant parasites on land. They thrive on
dead and decaying organic material.
Chytrids: They form gametes zoospores. They are aquatic
organisms. Most are unicellular. Some are decomposers, or
parasites on algae, plants, or insects. POPOVERS! Examples of each different type of fungi-like
protists. Double click to activate!
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P ROTISTS
Role in Nature
Algae and diatoms use photosynthesis to make food, absorb
carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen from the air.
Protists play the biggest role of maintaining Earth’s oxygen levels and decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide. Protists are
very important in our ecosystem and without them, the world
would be very different. • Decreases the amount of carbon
dioxide in the air.
Protist Review Quiz
Question 1 of 4
Which of the following is an example of a
plant-like protist?
A. Red Algae
B. Dinoflagellates
• Maintains Earth’s oxygen levels.
C. Diatoms
• Makes food
D. All Of The Above
Check Answer
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C HAPTER 4
Fungi
F UNGI
Characteristics
Fungus is an eukaryotic, multi cellular organism. It is a living organism therefore
is follows the 6 characteristics of all living things. Yeast is considered fungi, but
is one of the only fungi that is unicellular.
Fungi is also heterotrophic meaning they
do not make there own food. 21
F UNGI
Cell Wall: a rigid layer of protection to fungi and
other organisms.
Structure
Fungi
Cytoplasm: Contains all of the material that is both
inside the cell and outside the cell.
Nucleus: Most important organ in a cell. It directs
both the movement and the growth of a cell.
This picture shows the full structure of fungi.
Hyphae: Main source of growth for fungi. Also
called branching tubes, and they make up the cap of
some fungi.
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F UNGI
Classification
Sac Fungi: produce spores in small cup shaped
sacs (yeast is an example of sac fungi)
Club Fungi: mushrooms, puff-balls, rusts, toadstools, and smuts. (born on a club shaped spore)
Zygote forming fungi: Found on cheese, bread,
and other decaying foods. Spores are produced in
round shaped case called sporangium.
POPOVERS! Examples of each different type of fungi-like protists. Double click to activate!
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F UNGI
Reproduction
Asexually by forming spores, budding, or
fragmentation.
Sexually by sexually with homothallic or
heterothallic mycelia
Terms to no:
Fungi reproduces by making spores.(a
tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism) Spores are covered with a protective coat, and they can be carried
through air or water to new sights because they are so light weight.
homothallic - male and female reproductive structures
are present in the same plant or fungal mycelium.
Click here for an interactive video!
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F UNGI
Role in Nature
Fungi Review Quiz
Question 4 of 4
In what ways does fungi reproduce?
Like bacteria, it plays a role with decaying and recycling matter. Also with food, especially with
foods like bread and mushrooms. Medicines
such as penicillin. Bio-Control agents by keeping
pests under control. Food spoilage by decaying
organic food matter. A. by forming spores
B. by budding
C. by fragmentation
D. All of the above are ways that fungi
reproduce.
Check Answer
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