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PERIOD 7 Biodiversity Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Virus Bacteria Protists Fungi BY: ALEXANDRIA MAGGIO C HAPTER 1 Viruses A virus is a microorganism. A virus uses cells of living organisms, that are called a host to keep itself alive, and also to replicate. A virus may have good outcomes or mutate into a bad outcome, later becoming harmful to a persons body. V IRUS Characteristics Viruses are organisms that don’t follow the six characteristics of living things. • Viruses do not contain ribosomes or enzymes, which causes them to not have the ability to metabolize. • Do not use own energy to respond to there surroundings. • Do not grow and develop. • Do not have cellular organization. • Do not have self initiated movement. • Viruses do not have the ability to reproduce on their own. They require a host to reproduce. 2 V IRUS Structure Virus Viruses contain the following structures. Protein coat, genetic material, inner corner and outer membrane. The inner corner protects the genetic material. The two basic structures found in a virus is the protein coat and genetic material. Genetic Material: Contains instructions on developing new viruses. Outer Membrane: Surrounds the virus to give extra protection. Only certain viruses have this extra protection. Protein Coat: Protects the virus. Wraps around the genetic material. Inner Corner: The inner corner is where the genetic material is stored. Viruses have proteins (shown as spikes) to attach to its host. 3 V IRUS Method of Multiplication In order for a virus to multiply, it must attach itself to a host cell. When a virus enters the host cell, it's genetic material then overrides the cells functions. It will then direct the host to create genetic material. Then the collected genetic material will create new viruses. Active Virus Multiplication: The bacterium automatically begins its process of multiplying in its host cell. Viruses go through a total of five phases when reproducing/ multiplying. 1. Attachment - attaching to perform a certain function 2. Penetration - action of makings your way through something 3. Un- Coating - the removing of the protein coat or envelope of a virus. 4. Biosynthesis - producing of complicated molecules in cells or living organisms. Hidden Virus Multiplication: The bacterium waits a longer period of time, before it come out of hiding to begin its process of attacking the host cell. Click Here for an Interactive Video! 5. Maturation and Release - the virus becomes infectious http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/viral-lifecycle 4 V IRUS Role in Nature Viruses clear out the waste in our bodies when they are not severe such as the common cold. Viruses like bacteriophages kill spectrums on bacteria that is harmful to the human body. Viruses can be helpful to humans by helping us find cures to diseases, but their main role in nature is causing diseases. Virus Review Quiz Question 1 of 3 What are two of the basic needed structures within a virus? Viruses are often named by • The disease they cause • The organisms they effect • Place they were first found A. protein coat and cytoplasm • Named after people B. cytoplasm and genetic material C. protein coat and genetic material Some viruses include: D. cytoplasm and cell wall • Chicken pox - red blister like bumps, symptoms start with flu like symptoms, such as a fever, headache, sore throat and stomach ache. The chicken pox usually lasts only a few days. Vaccines are given Flu or Influenza - Symptoms include a fever, chills, earaches, body aches, headaches, cough and sinus problems. The flu does a vaccine that will prevent people from getting the virus. Shots and mists are usually given by the time a child turns two, every year before flu season. Check Answer 5 C HAPTER 2 Bacteria Bacteria are single celled organisms, also referred to as unicellular organisms. They are prokaryotes because they lack the nucleus structure. B ACTERIA Characteristics Bacteria is a microscopic organism. Their genetic material is not contained within a nuclei. Bacteria is a living organism therefore it follows the 6 living characteristics which are: • Growth and Development • Self Initiated movement • Reproduction • Metabolize • Response to Surroundings • Cellular Organization 7 B ACTERIA Structure Cell Wall: • Provides bacteria and other cells with structural support and extra protection. Bacteria Cell Membrane: • Is a semipermeable structure that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. Is the first layer of protection. Cytoplasm: • Contains all the cells structures excluding the nucleus. Ribosomes: • Makes proteins Genetic Material: The long, whiplike structures help the bacteria cell move along. • Instructions for cellular functions. Flagella: • Helps the cell move. A long whiplike type structure. 8 B ACTERIA Classification Bacteria are single celled organisms, also referred to as unicellular organisms. • Prokaryote • 3 different shapes 1. Spherical (cocci) 2. Rod like (bacilli) 3. Spiral (spirilla) • Vary in size- use micrometers to measure. POPOVER! Double tap to activate! 9 B ACTERIA Reproduction Bacteria reproduce by the process of binary fission. In order to reproduce, bacteria must be in the right temperature, a suitable amount of food. They reproduce very frequently. With the right conditions, bacteria can reproduce as frequent as every 20 minutes. asexual: • involves only one parent • offspring are identical to that one parent binary fission: • • they get this through a thin, bridge like material that connects the two cells. Role in Nature: Bacteria plays the roles in nature of: • creating of food and oxygen. Foods include cheese, yogurt, vinegar. • recycling in the environment (decomposes) • cleanup (oil spills) • health maintenance and medicine production. (Ecoli, In the intestines, making insulin) Click here for an interactive video! each cell gets entire copy of parent's genetic material • each cell only gets a part of the parent’s ribosomes and cytoplasm sexual: • two parents combine genetic material • new organism doesn’t contain either parents full genetic material conjugation: • one bacterium gets part of the other bacterium's genetic material http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-bacterial-growthgeneration-time-curves-phases-stages.html 10 B ACTERIA Role in Nature Bacteria Review Quiz Bacteria plays a big part in nature. Bacteria helps with the creating of food and oxygen which are to basic needs to all living things. Sone of the foods bacteria helps produce are cheese, yogurt, and vinegar. Bacteria also helps with clean up in the environment. It helps with recycling by being a natural decomposer. Bacteria helps with cleaning up oil spills. Bacteria also helps with health maintenance and making medications. Ecoli in the intestines and making insulin is just two things bacteria helps with medically. Positive Effects: Bacterium eat the chemicals found in oil spills, getting rid of the harmful waste. Negative effects: Some bacterial diseases such as salmonella can be harmful to humans bodies. For example, when uncooked eggs or uncooked chicken is eaten severe symptoms can be given do to the harmful bacterium's. Question 1 of 2 In what ways can bacteria have a positive outcome in there roles in nature? A. Cleaning up oil spills B. Making insulin in humans bodies C. producing food and oxygen D. All of the Above Check Answer 11 C HAPTER 3 Protists Protists are eukaryotic organisms but are not classified as a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are unicellular meaning that they have only one cell. Some protists like algae are multicellular. P ROTISTS Characteristics Protists are eukaryotic organisms. Protists are considered to be in a odds and ends kingdom. Protists are unicellular organisms most of the time while others are multicellular. Some are autotrophs while some are heterotrophs. Although they are considered to be very different from one another, all protists to share some of the same characteristics. All protists live in moist surroundings. 13 P ROTISTS Structure Food Vacuole: Two ends of two pseudopods that fuse together form a food vacuole. Protists Pseudopods: Protists use pseudopods to move around and also to feed. They form when cytoplasm flows toward one location and the remains of the protist follow. Cell Membrane: Protects protists. Is a thin layer of protection, allowing protists structural shape to change. Contractile Vacuole: Collects excess water from the cytoplasm and expels it from the cell. This picture shows all of the main structures that are found in all protists. Nucleus: Controls the cell’s functions and helps with the process of reproduction. A protist contains a food vacuole, pseudopods, cell membrane, contractile vacuole, and a nucleus. A protists structural looking can be very different from other protists, because the cell membrane allows the protists to change its appearance often. Every protist has a different shape than any other just like snowflakes. 14 P ROTISTS Classification Protists are classified in three main groups. 1. Animal-like protists 2. Plant-like protists 3. Fungus-like protists An amoeba is an example of a animal like protists. 15 P ROTISTS Animal-Like Protists POPOVERS!! (Double Tap The Pictures to see the popovers so that you can see what each examples of protists go with each type.) Animal like protists share many characteristics with animals such as the way they act. • Create movement • Are classified by the way they move. • • • • 4 Types of Animal Like Protists Amoeba - They are found in salt and freshwater, soil, and also in animals. They have a very high structure, and can is a soft, jellylike protozoan. Flagellates - They use flagella to move. Some flagellates live in water, and some can also be considered as a parasite. Ciliates - Ciliates are very complex protozoa. They have hundreds of cilia, which is a hairlike structure. The Cilia are used to gather food through water that is ahead of the ciliate. Spore Forming Protist - Parasites that absorb nutrients from their hosts. Do not have cilia or flagella, therefore they cannot move on their own. 16 P ROTISTS Plant-Like Protists Plant-Like Protists are mostly referred as algae. Most plant like protists are producers and consumers. Most use photosynthesis to gather food, while others eat other protists or absorb nutrients for food. 6 Types of Plant Like Protists • Red Algae - This group contains most of Earth’s seaweeds. They hold chlorophyll and a red pigment that gives them there color. They live in marine waters. • Brown Algae - They live in cooler climates. They contain chlorophyll and a yellowish-brown pigment that gives it its color. The color they have mainly comes from the chlorophyll they contain. • Green Algae - The chlorophyll gives the algae its color which is green. It lives in moist soil and water, and sometimes can be found in melting snow. • Diatoms - They are single cellular and live in salt and fresh water. They use photosynthesis and are a phytoplankton. • Dinoflagellates - They are mostly single celled. Most live in salt water but some are found in freshwater. They have two flagellates that makes the protist spin. They mostly use photosynthesis and some are red and contain a strong poison. • Euglenoids - They are single celled and mostly live in fresh water. They contain both plant and animal characteristics. They use photosynthesis, but when there is a lack of sun light they are consumers. POPOVERS! Examples of each different type of plant-like protists. Double click to activate! 17 P ROTISTS Fungus-Like Protists Fungus like protists are organisms that get their food from dead organic matter. They often use structures called pseudopods also refereed to as “false feet”, to move around. Slime Molds: They help recycle organic material throughout the environment. There are many stages when it comes to slime molds. In the first stage they look like amoebas and in the second stage they form mold like clumps they produce spores. They are sometimes located on forest floors and also on compost piles that you may keep in your very own backyard. Water Molds: This type of protists appears to look just like white mold. It can be found growing on dead fish surfaces and some are even plant parasites on land. They thrive on dead and decaying organic material. Chytrids: They form gametes zoospores. They are aquatic organisms. Most are unicellular. Some are decomposers, or parasites on algae, plants, or insects. POPOVERS! Examples of each different type of fungi-like protists. Double click to activate! 18 P ROTISTS Role in Nature Algae and diatoms use photosynthesis to make food, absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen from the air. Protists play the biggest role of maintaining Earth’s oxygen levels and decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide. Protists are very important in our ecosystem and without them, the world would be very different. • Decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. Protist Review Quiz Question 1 of 4 Which of the following is an example of a plant-like protist? A. Red Algae B. Dinoflagellates • Maintains Earth’s oxygen levels. C. Diatoms • Makes food D. All Of The Above Check Answer 19 C HAPTER 4 Fungi F UNGI Characteristics Fungus is an eukaryotic, multi cellular organism. It is a living organism therefore is follows the 6 characteristics of all living things. Yeast is considered fungi, but is one of the only fungi that is unicellular. Fungi is also heterotrophic meaning they do not make there own food. 21 F UNGI Cell Wall: a rigid layer of protection to fungi and other organisms. Structure Fungi Cytoplasm: Contains all of the material that is both inside the cell and outside the cell. Nucleus: Most important organ in a cell. It directs both the movement and the growth of a cell. This picture shows the full structure of fungi. Hyphae: Main source of growth for fungi. Also called branching tubes, and they make up the cap of some fungi. 22 F UNGI Classification Sac Fungi: produce spores in small cup shaped sacs (yeast is an example of sac fungi) Club Fungi: mushrooms, puff-balls, rusts, toadstools, and smuts. (born on a club shaped spore) Zygote forming fungi: Found on cheese, bread, and other decaying foods. Spores are produced in round shaped case called sporangium. POPOVERS! Examples of each different type of fungi-like protists. Double click to activate! 23 F UNGI Reproduction Asexually by forming spores, budding, or fragmentation. Sexually by sexually with homothallic or heterothallic mycelia Terms to no: Fungi reproduces by making spores.(a tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism) Spores are covered with a protective coat, and they can be carried through air or water to new sights because they are so light weight. homothallic - male and female reproductive structures are present in the same plant or fungal mycelium. Click here for an interactive video! 24 F UNGI Role in Nature Fungi Review Quiz Question 4 of 4 In what ways does fungi reproduce? Like bacteria, it plays a role with decaying and recycling matter. Also with food, especially with foods like bread and mushrooms. Medicines such as penicillin. Bio-Control agents by keeping pests under control. Food spoilage by decaying organic food matter. A. by forming spores B. by budding C. by fragmentation D. All of the above are ways that fungi reproduce. Check Answer 25