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Transcript
Cellular Respiration Nelson Biology Chapter 7 Pages 204 - 228 General Learning Outcome • Explain the role of cellular respiration in releasing potential energy from organic compounds Focusing Questions • How is the energy in organic matter released for use by living systems? • How do humans in their application of technologies impact photosynthesis and cellular respirations 7.1 The Importance of Cellular respiration Pg. 204-209 Importance of Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration is the process where Importance of Cellular Respiration • When cells require energy it is supplied by ________ – This is the role of _____________________ • Both plant and animal cells release energy – Energy is stored in bonds of ___________ Electron Carriers • NADH – __________ electrons in cellular processes • NAD+ – __________ electrons in cellular processes • FADH2 – __________ electrons in cellular processes • FAD+ – __________ electrons in cellular processes L.E.O. goes G.E.R. • Loss Electrons Oxidation • Gain Electrons Reduction • The transfer of electrons _________ __________ • This energy can be used to make _____ Oxidation and Phosphorylation ATP High Reactants - glucose Energy Oxidationreduction reaction Energy from the Energy is reaction Released Low Energy Products CO2+ H2O ATP Formation ADP + P Energy, Cells & ATP • Energy for most cellular processes are supplied by: ATP • Typical human cell estimated to contain 1.0x109 molecules ATP – Continually broken down to __________ – __________ energy to __________ – __________ to be used again Active Transport • Used to ____________________into or out of the cell • Is __________ a concentration gradient – Often referred to as “__________” • Utilizes _________________________________ and energy from __________ Sodium-Potassium Pump Large Scale Motion • Critical use of ATP – Energy from ATP used for ____________________ Glucose & ATP • All cells use energy from __________ • ATP ____________________in food – Provide relatively ____________________of __________ per molecule Carbohydrates - They are Good! • Most useable source of energy – Notably in the form of __________ • Contains about __________ as much energy as an individual ATP molecule • ____________________ by the cell • Some energy in glucose is __________________ ATP is like GOLD • The cell is like a Western amusement park – Operates off gold coins – Stores only accept gold coins Bars vs. Coins • Glucose is like bars of gold – Contains 100x more energy than an individual ATP coin – Have ____________________ ____________________ • Virtually all process conducted require__________ – ____________________________ ______________________ Breaking the Bonds, Releasing the Energy • Respiration - _________________of food molecules are ____________________ – New bonds form in resulting ____________________ • _____________________________to break chemical bonds • Energy is ____________________when new bonds form • ______________________________than consumed Starting Substance Exchange Rate • Food molecules such as glucose have ____________________ – Trade in one $100 gold bar for individual coins • Exchange rate is at best 36% • For every 1 gold bar, will only receive $36 in gold coins – ____________________ 2 Types of Cellular Respiration • Aerobic Cellular Respiration – Takes place in __________________________ – Complete ____________________ • End products: ____________________molecules • Anaerobic Cellular Respiration – Takes place in ____________________ – Glucose __________ completely oxidized • Broken into ____________________ Aerobic Respiration • • • • Stage Stage Stage Stage 1: 2: 3: 4: ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ______________________________________________________ Anaerobic Cellular Respiration • Stage 1: __________ • Stage 2: __________ 7.2 Glycolysis Pg. 210-212 Glycolysis • Greek for “____________________” • Glucose molecule (________________) breaks down to two______ molecules ( carbon sugar) • Takes place ____________ ____________________ • Occurs in the __________ of the cell • Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) moves into the ________________________ ________________________ • Uses a hydrogen carrier __________ – Photosynthesis uses NADPH • Produces a net of __________ molecules – Also produces ____________________ Key Steps in Glycolysis 1. __________molecules are __________ ______________________________ 2. Redox reactions occur - 2 positive __________remove _____ from the pathway to form ____________________ 3. Enough energy is released to join ___ _____ molecules with ______molecules this forms _________molecules Glycolysis • When complete, cell has • consumed – ______________________ – produced – __________molecules______ ________________________ ____________________ – These ATP molecules are available for __________ __________ __________ (the gold coins) REACTANTS PRODUCTS Glycolysis • Alone glycolysis is not a highly-efficient energyharnessing mechanism – Transfers only _________________________in glucose to ATP • Some energy released as ____________________ • Majority is trapped in __________________________________ • ALL organisms carry out __________ - either as only ATP source or as first step in more energy-productive process – EX. ______________________________ 7.3 Aerobic Cellular Respiration Page. 213-220 RECALL: Aerobic Respiration • Stage 1: glycolysis – 10 step process in cytoplasm • Stage 2: pyruvate oxidation – 1 step process in mitochondria • Stage 3: the Krebs cycle – 8 step cyclical process in mitochondria • Stage 4: ETC and chemiosmosis – Multi-step process in inner mitchondrial membrane C6H12O6 + 6O2 +36ADP +36Pi 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Mitochondria - Round or sausage-shaped organelles in cell’s cytoplasm ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ - Cannot proceed without free oxygen Mitochondrial Powerhouse • Cristae – Folds in inner membrane – Increases ________ area – Site of ATP synthesis • Mitochondrial Matrix – Site of the Citric Acid Cycle Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation • By the end of Stage 1 cell has formed • 2 ATPs, • 2 NADHs, • 2 pyruvate molecules Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation • Pyruvate oxidation is a chemical pathway connecting glycolysis in cytoplasm with the Kreb’s cycle in the mitochondrial matrix – The 2 pyruvate molecules must be transported through the two mitochondrial membranes into the matrix Key Steps in Pyruvate Oxidation 1. 2. One CO2 is removed from each pyruvate released as a waste product Remaining 2-carbon portions are oxidized by NAD+ 1. Gains 2 H+ (2 protons and 2 electrons) from pyruvate 1. Remaining 2-C compounds become an acetic acid group 1. High energy hydrogens are transferred to NAD+ 3. Coenzyme A (CoA) attaches to acetic acid group forms acetyl-CoA 1. This acetyl-CoA can enter the Krebs cycle Stage 3: the Krebs Cycle Key Features of the Krebs Cycle 1. Krebs cycle occurs ______ for each molecule of ________ processed 2. Acetyl-CoA enters and releases the CoA, which is recycled for the next pyruvate 3. During one cycle 1. ___ NAD+s and __ FAD are reduced forms ____ NADH and ___ FADH2 2. 1 ADP + Pi combine to form 1 ___ 3. 2 CO2 molecules are produced and released as ________ Key Features of the Krebs Cycle • ALL 6 carbon atoms of glucose have been ________ to CO2 – Released from cell as metabolic waste • All that remains is some free energy in form of ATP and high-energy NADH and FADH2 • NADH and FADH2 go on to Stage 4 – Here much of their energy will be transferred to ATP Stage 4: Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis Stage 4 • Occurs on the _______ mitochondrial membranes • NADH and FADH2 eventually transfer the hydrogen atom electrons through the electron transport chain – The energy associated with the electrons pumps H+ ions into the intermembrane space Oxygen - the Final Acceptor • Oxygen _______ the 2 e- from the final carrier – Also uses 2 H+ ions from the matrix • Forms water H2O • This is why all aerobic organisms must obtain oxygen from the environment on a continual basis Chemiosmosis & Oxidative ATP Synthesis • Production of ATP in mitochondria is similar to that which occurs in the ____________ membranes in photosynthesis •In photosynthesis, the use of light energy in ATP synthesis is called photosphosphorylation • In cellular respiration, it is referred to as oxidative phosphorylation, or oxidative ATP synthesis • Named because the energy used to drive ATP synthesis comes from the energy released in the ETC from a series of oxidation reactions Where does the ATP go? • After ATP molecules are formed by chemiosmosis they are transported through both mitochondrial membranes – Used to drive processes requiring energy All in the Family • The three stages of aerobic cellular respiration - pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and ETC & chemiosmosis) are all linked to each other – Dependent on _________ for the production of ________ 7.4 Anaerobic cellular respiration Page 221-228 Anaerobic Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis changes _____ to NADH – Without NAD+ this reaction does not occur • Cells have a ________ supply of NAD+ • Without a way to convert NADH to NAD+, glycolysis will cease – ATP no longer will be produced and cell death occurs Anaerobic Cellular Respiration • Evolved in organisms as a way of recycling NAD+ – Allows glycolysis to continue • One method involves transferring H atoms of NADH to specific organic molecules – Process called fermentation • • Anaerobic Cellular Respiration • Occur in only 2 stages – Glycolysis: same process as that in aerobic cellular respiration – Fermentation: products of glycolysis recycled in 2 different ways • ___________ and _________ are final waste products (alcohol fermentation) • Lactic acid is the final waste product (lactic acid fermentation) Alcohol Fermentation • NADH molecules pass their H atoms to acetaldehyde – This forms ___________ • Same type of alcohol used in alcoholic beverages – Recycles NAD+ and allows glycolysis to continue • The 2 ATP produced are enough to satisfy the organism’s energy needs Alcohol Fermentation - Application • Can be carried out by a single-celled fungi C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2C3H6OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP ethanol Lactic Acid Fermentation • Under normal conditions, humans obtain energy from glucose by aerobic cellular respiration – During strenuous exercise, the ATP demand is greater than what can be supplied by aerobic respiration alone Lactic Acid Fermentation • NADH transfers its H to pyruvate in the cytoplasm – – Pyruvate changes into lactic acid Exercise Phsiology • Most common problem faced by athletes shortage of energy – Aerobic fitness factor in judging overall fitness Exercise Phsiology • Muscle cells require energy from ATP • ATP production requires oxygen • Thus assume ATP production increases if more oxygen is absorbed by body cells Maximum Oxygen Consumption • VO2 max – Measure of the body’s ability to generate energy required for activity