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2/4/17 Metabolism § Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Cellular Metabolism § Can be reactions that break things down. (Catabolism) § Or reactions that build things up. (Anabolism) Biol 105 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 – 69) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cellular Metabolism § Some of the reactions provide energy for the cell in the form of ATP. § Aerobic Cellular Respiration – requires oxygen, produces carbon dioxide. § Anaerobic Fermentation – does not require oxygen, does not produce carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 2/4/17 Summary of Cellular Respiration Electrons transferred by NADH Blood vessel Glucose Aerobic Cellular respiration Cytoplasm Electrons transferred by NADH Electrons transferred by NADH and FADH2 Plasma membrane Carrier protein Citric Acid Cycle Transition Reaction Glycolysis glucose pyruvate § This process produces energy in the form of ATP Electron Transport Chain § C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O + Energy (ATP) Oxygen Mitochondrion Extracellular fluid +2 ATP § In aerobic cellular respiration cells take in sugar (glucose) and break it down to into carbon dioxide and water, this requires oxygen and produces CO2. +2 ATP +32 ATP = Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 36 ATP Figure 3.27 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Aerobic Cellular respiration § There are four steps in aerobic cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis 2. Transition Reaction 3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) 4. Electron Transport Chain Name, Location, Require O2?, Starting Molecule(s), Ending Molecule, #ATP, #NADH, #FADH2, #CO2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 2/4/17 Cellular Respiration - Glycolysis Cellular Respiration - Glycolysis § Phase 1: Glycolysis § Starts with: § 1 glucose (6 carbon molecule) § (2 ATP) § Occurs in the cytoplasm. § Does not require Oxygen § Splits one glucose into two pyruvate molecules. § Ends with: § 2 ATP § 2 NADH § 2 pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) § Forms 2 Pyruvate Molecules § Produces 2 ATP + 2 NADH Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Glycolysis Glycolysis (in cytoplasm) Cytoplasm During the first steps, two molecules of ATP are consumed in preparing glucose for splitting. Glucose During the remaining steps, four molecules of ATP are produced. 2 ATP Energyinvestment phase 2 ADP In Cytosol 4 ADP 4 ATP The two molecules of pyruvate then diffuse from the cytoplasm into the inner compartment of the mitochondrion, where they pass through a few preparatory steps (the transition reaction) before entering the citric acid cycle. 2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Energyyielding phase Two molecules of nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a carrier of high-energy electrons, also are produced. Figure 3.23 3 2/4/17 Cellular Respiration – Transition Reaction § Phase 2: Transition Reaction (Intermediate Phase) § Starts with: § 2 pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) § 2 Coenzyme A § Occurs within the mitochondria. § Requires Oxygen. § Coenzyme-A combines with pyruvate and a CO2 is removed from each pyruvate. § Ends with: § 2 CO2 § 2 NADH § 2 Acetyl CoA (2 carbon molecule) § Forms 2 acetyl CoA molecules. § Produces 2 NADH. § Produces 2 CO2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Transition Reaction Cellular Respiration – Citric acid cycle Transition Reaction (in mitochondrion) § Phase 3: Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) § Occurs in the mitochondria. § Requires Oxygen. § 2 Acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle and combine with oxaloacetate. § Oxaloacetate re-forms. § Produces: § 2 ATP § 2 FADH2 § 6 NADH § 4 CO2 Pyruvate (from glycolysis) One carbon (in the form of CO2) is removed from pyruvate. A molecule of NADH is formed when NAD+ gains two electrons and one proton. CO2 NAD+ In Mitochondria Transition Reaction Coenzyme A NADH (electron passes to electron transport chain) CoA Acetyl CoA The two-carbon molecule, called an acetyl group, binds to coenzyme A (CoA), forming acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. Citric Acid Cycle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.24 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 2/4/17 Citric Acid Cycle Citric Acid Cycle § Also called the Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle (in mitochondrion) § Starts with: § 2 Acetyl CoA (2 carbon molecule) § Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA, the two-carbon compound formed during the transition reaction, enters the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle also yields several molecules of FADH2 and NADH, carriers of high-energy electrons that enter the electron transport chain. Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Oxaloacetate § Ends with: § 4 CO2 § 2 ATP § 6 NADH § 2 FADH2 § Oxaloacetate Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Citrate NADH CO2 leaves cycle NAD+ Malate Citric Acid Cycle NADH FADH2 ATP FAD In Mitochondria NAD+ ADP + Pi α-Ketoglutarate Succinate NAD+ NADH CO2 leaves cycle The citric acid cycle yields One ATP from each acetyl CoA that enters the cycle, for a net gain of two ATP. Figure 3.25 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. NADH and FADH § NADH and FADH2 are important carriers of electrons Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 2/4/17 The Big Pay Off – Electron Transport Chain Cellular Respiration § NADH and FADH2 are important carriers of electrons. § Phase 4: Electron Transport Chain § Electrons of FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one protein to another, until they reach oxygen. § Requires oxygen. § Releases energy that results in 32 ATP. § They donate electrons to the electron transport chain. § At the end of the chain oxygen accepts the electrons. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain (inner membrane of mitochondrion) The molecules of NADH and FADH2 produced by earlier phases of cellular respiration pass their electrons to a series of protein molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Inner Membrane of Mitochondria High NAD+ NADH As the electrons are transferred from one protein to the next, energy is released and used to make ATP. Potential energy 2e– FADH2 Membrane proteins 2e– FAD 2e– 2e– Eventually, the electrons are passed to oxygen, which combines with two hydrogens to form water. 2e– Low Energy released is used for synthesis of ATP Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 H+ + H 2O 1 2 O2 Figure 3.26 6 2/4/17 The Big Pay Off – Electron Transport Chain § Electron Transport Chain produces ATP using the ATP Synthase protein. § The Electron Transport Chain produces 32 molecules of ATP. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. How is ATP made using the ETC How is ATP made using the ETC 1. In the mitochondria NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC). 4. ATP Synthase allows the H+ to flow down it’s concentration gradient back to the lumen of the mitochondria. 2. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor from the ETC. 3. The ETC uses the energy from the electrons to transport H+ against the concentration gradient, transporting them from the lumen of the mitochondria to the inter-membrane space. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 5. The H+ flowing through the ATP Synthase provides the energy for the ATP Synthase to catalyze the reaction of ADP + P → ATP. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 2/4/17 Summary of Cellular Respiration Summary of Cellular Respiration § One molecule of glucose is broken down and 36 ATP are generated. § Oxygen is used by the electron transport chain – it accepts electrons from the end of the ETC. § Carbon dioxide is produced by the Transition Reaction and the Citric Acid Cycle. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary of Cellular Respiration § Glycolysis: Starts the process by taking in glucose. § Produces 2 ATP & 2 NADH. § The Transition Reaction: § Produces 2 CO2 and 2 NADH. § The Citric Acid Cycle: § Produces 2 ATP but also produces 6 NADH and 2 FADH2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 3.5 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary of Cellular Respiration § Electron transport chain § Takes electrons from NADH and FADH2 and uses them to produce ATP using the ATP Synthase protein. § Requires oxygen: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor on the electron transport chain. § One glucose can produce a total of 36 ATP Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 2/4/17 Sources of Energy Complex Carbohydrates must first be broken down into glucose before entering glycolysis O H2N CH C Fats and proteins enter the process at different steps OH R Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation § Respiration Movie Oxygen § Cellular respiration that requires oxygen is Aerobic Cellular Respiration. § Sometimes organisms, including humans, need to produce energy without using oxygen. § When you need energy quick, or if there is not enough O2 then the cell will use Anaerobic Fermentation. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 2/4/17 Anaerobic Fermentation § Anaerobic Fermentation: § Use the anaerobic pathway to produce ATP from glycolysis without the Transition Reaction, Citric Acid Cycle or the ETC Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Anaerobic Fermentation § Breakdown of glucose without oxygen. § Takes place entirely in the cytoplasm. § It is very inefficient - results in only two ATP. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Fermentation in Animals § When cells need energy quick they will use this pathway for a short time. § Glycolysis → 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH→ → 2 lactate (lactic acid) and 2 NAD+. § End result = lactate and 2 ATP produced (from glycolysis) and NAD+ is regenerated Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 2/4/17 Acetyl CoA Protein Glucose Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) e c uv i at e ru v Py Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Which stage produces CO2 1. Glycolysis 2. Electron Transport Chain 3. Transition 4. Citric acid Cycle 5. Both 3 and 4 1. Glycolysis 2. Electron Transport Chain 3. Transition 4. Citric acid Cycle 5. Both 3 and 4 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% ro n ec t El El ec t ro n G G ly co ly Tr si an s sp or t. .. Tr an si C tio itr ic n ac id C yc B le ot h 3 an d 4 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% ly co ly Tr si an s sp or t. .. Tr an si C tio itr ic n ac id C yc B le ot h 3 an d 4 Which stage produces CO2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. ac os n lu c (p yr ce G ty l ac c uv i (p yr at e ru v Py Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. id ) 25% 25% 25% 25% Co A e n os lu c G Pr ot ei ty l A ce 1. 2. 3. 4. id ) 25% 25% 25% 25% A Acetyl CoA Protein Glucose Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Co A 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the starting molecule of glycolysis? Pr ot ei What is the starting molecule of glycolysis? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 2/4/17 Which stage uses O2 El ec t ro n K ec t El Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. or t. .. s re b ly c C ol ys yc is le 33% 33% 33% El ec t ro n K El ec t ro n K Tr an sp re b s C or t. .. yc is ol ys ly c G 1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain le 33% 33% 33% G 1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain Which stage produces the most NADHs Tr an sp Which stage produces the most NADHs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. or t. .. re b s ly c C ol ys yc is le 33% 33% 33% ro n K Tr an sp re b s C or t. .. yc is ol ys ly c G 1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain le 33% 33% 33% G 1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain Tr an sp Which stage uses O2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 2/4/17 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Important Concepts § Read Ch 4 § What is Cellular respiration and Anaerobic Fermentation and what are the differences between them. § What are the four steps of aerobic cellular respiration, what happens in each step, what are the starting molecules, what comes out of each step, where in the cell does each step occur, how many ATP and NADH/FADH2 are produced in each step. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. El ec t ro n K ec t El Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. or t. .. s re b ly c C ol ys yc is le 33% 33% 33% ro n K Tr an sp re b s C or t. .. yc is ol ys ly c G 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain le 33% 33% 33% G 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain Which stage produces the most ATP Tr an sp Which stage produces the most ATP Important Concepts § Describe in detail how is ATP made using the electron transport chain § What is the role of ATPsynthase, H+, O2, NADH and FADH2 and the electron transport chain in ATP production? § Know the overall picture of cellular respiration (summary slides) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 2/4/17 Important Concepts § What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration, what steps produce carbon dioxide § What is anaerobic fermentation, what steps are involved in fermentation, what end products are produced in humans, is oxygen required? when is it used. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Definitions § Aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic fermentation , ATP synthase, metabolism Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 14