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Unit 6 -- LEARNING PRACTICE TEST
____ 1. After discovering that her usual route home was closed due to road repairs, Sharetta
used her knowledge of the city and sense of direction to find an alternate route. This is
an example of:
a) latent learning.
b) shaping.
c) discrimination.
d) observational learning.
e) using a cognitive map.
____ 2. In distinguishing between negative reinforcers and punishment, we note that:
a) in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a
response by the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
b) punishment, but not negative reinforcement, involves use of an aversive stimulus.
c) in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a
response by the termination of an aversive stimulus.
d) in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a
response by the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
____ 3. Last evening May-ling ate her first cheeseburger and french fries at an American fastfood restaurant. A few hours later she became ill. It can be expected that:
a) May-ling will develop an aversion to the taste of a cheeseburger and french fries.
b) May-ling will not associate her illness with the food she ate.
c) May-ling will associate her sickness with something she experienced immediately
before she became ill.
d) May-ling will develop an aversion to the sight of a cheeseburger and french fries.
____ 4. After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze
with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This
performance illustrates:
a) discrimination learning.
b) classical conditioning.
c) latent learning.
d) observational learning.
____ 5. In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) ________ stimulus;
after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) ________ stimulus.
a) conditioned; neutral
b) neutral; conditioned
c) unconditioned; conditioned
d) conditioned; unconditioned
____ 6. Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?
a) presenting a positive stimulus after a response
b) removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response
c) being told that you have done a good job
d) All of the above are examples.
____ 7. For the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented:
a) about one-half second before the UCS.
b) about 1 second after the UCS.
c) at the same time as the UCS.
d) about 15 seconds before the UCS.
____ 8. You always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. As you do so,
your dog salivates. Rattling the box is a(n) ________; your dog's salivation is a(n)
________.
a) CS; UCR
b) CS; CR
c) UCS; UCR
d) UCS; CR
____ 9. In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the:
a) UCR.
b) UCS.
c) CR.
d) CS.
____ 10. You are expecting an important letter in the mail. As the regular delivery time
approaches you glance more and more frequently out the window, searching for the
letter carrier. Your behavior in this situation typifies that associated with which schedule
of reinforcement?
a) fixed-interval
b) variable-ratio
c) variable-interval
d) fixed-ratio
____ 11. In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the ________ and the white rat
was the ________.
a) UCR; CR
b) UCS; CR
c) CS; CR
d) CS; UCS
e) UCS; CS
____ 12. Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because:
a) punishment often increases aggressiveness.
b) punishing stimuli often create fear.
c) behavior is not forgotten and may return.
d) of all of the above reasons.
____ 13. Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while
riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to:
a) use their seat belts and tell others it is important to do so.
b) tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves.
c) neither tell others that seat belts are important nor use them.
d) use their seat belts but not tell others it is important to do so.
____ 14. Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. Jack's
behavior is being influenced by:
a) positive reinforcement.
b) punishment.
c) negative reinforcement.
d) a primary reinforcer.
____ 15. In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses, spontaneous
recovery occurred:
a) when the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period.
b) during extinction, when the CS was first presented by itself.
c) during discrimination training, when several conditioned stimuli were introduced.
d) during acquisition, when the CS was first paired with the UCS.
____ 16. Which of the following is an example of shaping?
a) A psychology student reinforces a laboratory rat only occasionally, to make its
behavior more resistant to extinction.
b) A dog learns to salivate at the sight of a box of dog biscuits.
c) A new driver learns to stop at an intersection when the light changes to red.
d) A parrot is rewarded first for making any sound, then for making a sound similar to
"Laura," and then for "speaking" its owner's name.
____ 17. Bill once had a blue car that was in the shop more than it was out. Since then he will not
even consider owning blue- or green-colored cars. Bill's aversion to green cars is an
example of:
a) the overjustification effect.
b) discrimination.
c) generalization.
d) latent learning.
____ 18. From a casino owner's viewpoint, which of the following jackpot-payout schedules would
be the most desirable for reinforcing customer use of a slot machine?
a) fixed-interval
b) variable-interval
c) variable-ratio
d) fixed-ratio
____ 19. A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being:
a) extinguished.
b) negatively reinforced.
c) positively reinforced.
d) punished.
____ 20. In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the meat served as a(n):
a) UCS.
b) CR.
c) UCR.
d) CS.
____ 21. Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called ________ learning. The researcher best
known for studying this type of learning is ________.
a) observational; Bandura
b) observational; Watson
c) secondary; Skinner
d) secondary; Pavlov
____ 22. Which of the following statements concerning reinforcement is correct?
a) Learning is fastest and resistance to extinction is greatest after continuous
reinforcement.
b) Learning is most rapid with intermittent reinforcement, but continuous reinforcement
produces the greatest resistance to extinction.
c) Learning is fastest and resistance to extinction is greatest following intermittent
reinforcement.
d) Learning is most rapid with continuous reinforcement, but intermittent reinforcement
produces the greatest resistance to extinction.
____ 23. Learning is best defined as:
a) a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience.
b) a change in the behavior of an organism.
c) behavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning.
d) any behavior emitted by an organism without being elicited.
____ 24. Leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon
will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is
because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?
a) fixed-ratio
b) variable-ratio
c) variable-interval
d) fixed-interval
____ 25. One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that:
a) in classical conditioning the responses are automatically elicited by stimuli.
b) in operant conditioning the responses are triggered by preceding stimuli.
c) in operant conditioning the responses are reflexive.
d) in classical conditioning the responses operate on the environment to produce
rewarding or punishing stimuli.
____ 26. Reggie's mother tells him that he can watch TV after he cleans his room. Evidently,
Reggie's mother is attempting to use ________ to increase room cleaning.
a) secondary reinforcement
b) operant conditioning
c) positive reinforcement
d) all of the above
____ 27. On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:
a) for successive approximations of a desired behavior.
b) in very small amounts.
c) only some of the time.
d) randomly.
____ 28. Fishing is reinforced according to which schedule?
a) variable-interval
b) fixed-interval
c) variable-ratio
d) fixed-ratio
____ 29. Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that:
a) all animals are biologically primed to associate illness with the taste of a tainted
food.
b) any perceivable stimulus can become a CS.
c) for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the UCS need not immediately follow the CS.
d) all of the above are true.
____ 30. The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ________ schedule.
a) variable-ratio
b) fixed-interval
c) variable-interval
d) fixed-ratio
____ 31. Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by:
a) discrimination learning.
b) negative reinforcement.
c) positive reinforcement.
d) punishment.
____ 32. During extinction, the ________ is omitted; as a result, the ________ seems to
disappear.
a) CS; UCR
b) UCS; CR
c) CS; CR
d) UCS; UCR
____ 33. In classical conditioning, cognitive processes:
a) are relevant only when certain types of behavior are involved.
b) were first recognized as important by the early behaviorists.
c) are tied closely to the biological predispositions of the organism.
d) play an important role, because the organism is learning the predictability that one
event will follow another.
ALSO…be sure to know…
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Pavlov, Watson, Skinner and Bandura and with which theories each is associated!
Cognitive maps/latent learning (Tolman)
Insight learning (Kohler)
Contingency model of classical conditioning (Rescorla)
Biological influences on learning…both classical and operant conditioning
Be able to apply classical and operant conditioning & using both create a way to change a
behavior
Be able to explain how classical and operant conditioning differ
● Answer Key – Unit 5 -- Learning Practice Test
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ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS PRACTICE QUIZ
Directions: Answer each of the following questions, placing the most correct answer on the provided
line. Use these questions (including answer choices) to help focus your studying!
____ 1. When our ______ is disrupted, we experience jet lag.
a. Stage 1 sleep
b. REM sleep
c. circadian rhythm
d. Stage 4 sleep
____ 2. The sleep cycle is approximately ________ minutes.
a) 30
b) 90
c) 50
d) 75
____ 3. Jill dreams that her boyfriend pushes her in front of an oncoming car. Her psychoanalyst
suggests that the dream might symbolize her fear that her boyfriend is rushing her into
sexual activity prematurely. The analyst is evidently attempting to interpret the ________
content of Jill's dream.
a) dissociated
b) manifest
c) overt
d) latent
____ 4. The effects of chronic sleep deprivation include:
a) suppression of the immune system.
b) possible experience of hallucinations.
c) altered metabolic and hormonal functioning.
d) all of the above.
____ 5. THC is the major active ingredient in:
a) amphetamine.
b) marijuana.
c) LSD.
d) cocaine.
e) nicotine.
____ 6. Sleep spindles predominate during which stage of sleep?
a) Stage 2
b) Stage 3
c) Stage 4
d) REM sleep
____ 7. Which of the following is classified as a depressant?
a) LSD
b) marijuana
c) amphetamines
d) PCP
e) alcohol
____ 8. Circadian rhythms are the:
a) brain waves that occur during Stage 4 sleep.
b) regular body cycles that occur on a 24-hour schedule.
c) brain waves that are indicative of Stage 2 sleep.
d) muscular tremors that occur during opiate withdrawal.
____ 9. According to Freud, dreams are:
a) the result of random neural activity in the brainstem.
b) a symbolic fulfillment of erotic wishes.
c) transparent representations of the individual's conflicts.
d) the brain's mechanism for self-stimulation.
____ 10. Roberto is moderately intoxicated by alcohol. Which of the following changes in his
behavior is likely to occur?
a) The next day he may be unable to remember what happened while he was drinking.
b) If angered, he is more likely to become aggressive than when he is sober.
c) If sexually aroused, he will be less inhibited about engaging in sexual activity.
d) He will be less self-conscious about his behavior.
e) All of the above are likely.
____ 11. Which of the following is not a stimulant?
a) nicotine
b) alcohol
c) amphetamines
d) caffeine
____ 12. REM sleep is referred to as "paradoxical sleep" because:
a) studies of people deprived of REM sleep indicate that REM sleep is unnecessary.
b) it is very easy to awaken a person from REM sleep.
c) the body's muscles are very tense while the brain is in a nearly meditative state.
d) erection during REM sleep indicates sexual arousal.
e) the body's muscles remain relaxed while the brain and eyes are active.
____ 13. A person who falls asleep in the midst of a heated argument probably suffers from:
a) insomnia.
b) narcolepsy.
c) night terrors.
d) sleep apnea.
____ 14. Which of the following statements concerning hypnosis is true?
a) People will do anything under hypnosis.
b) Hypnosis is the same as sleeping.
c) Hypnosis is in part an extension of the division between conscious awareness and
automatic behavior.
d) Hypnosis improves memory recall.
____ 15. Hypnotic responsiveness is:
a) the same in all people.
b) generally greater in women than men.
c) generally greater in men than women.
d) greater in individuals who easily become engrossed in novels or movies.
____ 16. Which of the following is NOT a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?
a) Dreams result from random neural activity originating in the brainstem.
b) Dreams facilitate information processing.
c) Dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation.
d) Dreaming stimulates the developing brain.
____ 17. A person who requires increasing amounts of a drug in order to feel its effect is said to
have developed:
a) tolerance.
b) withdrawal symptoms.
c) physical dependency.
d) psychological dependency.
e) resistance.
____ 18. Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is true?
a) Adults spend more time than infants in REM sleep.
b) After a stressful experience, a person's REM sleep decreases.
c) REM sleep deprivation results in a REM rebound.
d) REM sleep periods become shorter as the night progresses.
e) People deprived of REM sleep adapt easily.
____ 19. Which of the following statements concerning marijuana is NOT true?
a) Long-term marijuana use may depress male sex hormone and sperm levels.
b) The by-products of marijuana are cleared from the body more quickly than the byproducts of alcohol.
c) Large doses of marijuana hasten the loss of brain cells.
d) Marijuana is not as addictive as nicotine or cocaine.
____ 20. Alcohol has the most profound effect on:
a) the transfer of experiences to long-term memory.
b) immediate memory.
c) previously established long-term memories.
d) processing short-term memories.
Items to also look over…
○ Sleep cycles!!!
○ Theories surrounding…
● Why we sleep
● Why we dream
● Hypnosis as an altered state
○ Drug categories, including some of the specific drugs (especially their effects/neurotransmitters
involved)
● Alcohol – sympathetic NS
● Ecstasy – stimulant & hallucinogen
● Marijuana – adverse effects/dependency?
○ Withdrawal/dependency/tolerance
Answer Key -- Altered States of Consciousness Practice Test
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