Download 5 Behavioural - WordPress.com

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Theories of
Personality
Type &trait
NEO-FREUDIAN
Behavioural
Theories of
Personality
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Behavioural approach
• importance to the internal dynamics of behaviour.
• definable, observable, and measurable data
• learning of stimulus-response connections and their reinforcement.
• According to them, personality can be best understood as the response of an individual to the environment.
• Different learning principles that involve the use of stimuli, responses, and reinforcement in different ways.
• The theories of classical conditioning (Pavlov), instrumental conditioning (Skinner), and observational
learning (Bandura).
Behavioural approach
• For most behaviourists, the structural unit of personality is the
response.
• Each response is a behaviour, which is emitted to satisfy a specific
need.
• the core tendency that organises behaviour is the reduction of
biological or social needs that energise behaviour. This is
accomplished through responses (behaviours) that are reinforced.
i. Classical Conditioning
• Ivan P. Pavlov : A Russian Physiologist was the first to study and
write about the basic principles of classical conditioning.
• Classical conditioning refers to “learning to make a reflex response to
the stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally
produces the reflex”.
Key Terms in classical conditioning
• STIMULUS
• RESPONSE
• CONDITIONING
• NEUTRAL STIMULUS
• UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)
• UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)
• CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)
• CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
PAVLOV & HIS SALIVATING DOGS
-THE EXPERIMENT
Other Concepts in Classical
Conditioning
• Extinction
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Stimulus Generalisation
• Stimulus discrimination
Case of “Little Albert”
REFLECTION SPOT…
Are you classically conditioned with something?
ii. Operant Conditioning
• B.F. SKINNER was the first to study and investigate the principles of
Operant Conditioning.
• Also called Instrumental conditioning.
• Skinner studied the occurrence of voluntary responses when an
organism operates on the environment which he called Operants.
• OPERANTS
• Conditioning of operant behaviour is called Operant conditioning.
• It is a kind of learning in which behaviour is learned, maintained or
changed through its consequences (Reinforcers).
• Also termed as S-R conditioning.
Key Terms in Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning
• OPERANTS
• REINFORCER/ REINFORCEMENT
• POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
• NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
• PUNISHMENT
Skinner and his Skinner box
REFLECTION SPOT…
How are you reinforced by your parents or teachers?
III. Observational/Social
Learning/ Modelling/Imitation
• Learning by Observation - Albert Bandura (1977)
• Observational Learning – learning of a new behaviour through the observation of a model
(watching someone else who is doing that behaviour)
• Children observe adults’ behaviours at home, during social ceremonies and functions etc.
• Children learn and develop various personality characteristics through observational learning.
• Aggressiveness, prosocial behaviour, courtesy, politeness and diligence are acquired by this
method of learning.
Bandura and the experiment…
Elements of Observational Learning
Bandura(1986) concluded, that observational learning required the presence of four
elements:
• Attention: People pay more attention to those people they perceive as similar to them
and to people they perceive as attractive.
• Memory: The learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done.
• Imitation: the learner must be able of reproducing or imitating the actions of the
model.
• Motivation: the learner must have the desire to perform the action.
reFLeCtiOn SpOt…
Whom do you observe the most?