Download Ivan Pavlov`s Classical Conditioning

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উপস্থাপনায়
ডঃ সু লতানা জাকিয়া হি
প্রভাষি,গাইডডন্স এন্ড িাউডসন্সকলিং
টিচাসস ট্রেকনিং িডলজ, রাজশাহী
কচত্রগুডলা লক্ষ্য িরুন
বয়ঃসকিিাল বলডত িী ট্রবাডেন?
শশশবিাল ট্রশষ হবার পর ট্র ৌবনিাডল পদাপস ডনর জনয
ট্র সমডয় শদকহি, মানকসি ও সামাকজি প্রস্তুকত চডল তাডি
বয়ঃসকিিাল বডল।
সাধারনত দশ বছর হডত উকনশ বছর প স ন্ত এর কবস্তৃকত।
 “Constructivism is a philosophy of learning founded
on the premise that, by reflecting on our experiences,
we construct our own understanding of the world we
live in” (Brooks & Brooks)
 It is “based on a type of learning in which the learner
forms, or constructs, much of what she learns or
comprehends” (Cashman et al 390)
 Constructivism is the idea that learning doesn’t just
happen by the traditional methods of teachers
standing in front of the class and lecturing.
 It is best described by Confucius’ quote: “I hear and I
forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.”
(Cashman et al 390)
 Jerome Bruner
 Jean Piaget
 Lev Vygotsky
 John Dewey
 Very influential psychologist
 His concern with cognitive psychology “led to a
particular interest in the cognitive development of
children… and just what the appropriate forms of
education might be” (Smith)
 Developed the cognitive learning theory
 Felt children were “active learners” who constructed
new knowledge “as they moved through different
cognitive stages, building on what they already knew”
(Cushman et al 392)
 Sensorimotor
 “learning takes place primarily through the child’s
senses and motor actions” (Cushman et al 393)
 Preoperational
 “children begin to use symbols and images” (Cushman et
al 393)
 Concrete Operational
 “children begin to think logically” (Cushman et al 393)
 Formal Operational
 Children begin to think in an abstract way
 Developed the social cognition theory which “asserts
that culture is the prime determinant of individual
development” because humans are the only creatures
to have created cultures and therefore it effects our
learning development. (“Vygotsky and Social
Cognition”)
Vygotsky theorized that a child’s cultural upbringing
greatly effects their learning development.
 Believed that learning should be engaging to the
students… they will learn better if they are interested.
 Was a huge influence on our education system
 Believed in “educating the whole child, physically,
mentally, and socially, and not just on the dispensation
of facts and information” (Cushman et al 395)
 “In a constructivist setting… the role of the teacher is
to organize information around conceptual clusters of
problems, questions and discrepant situations in order
to engage the student’s interest. Teachers assist the
students in developing new insights and connecting
them with their previous learning” (Hanley)
 In the classroom, students must work on building
upon the knowledge they already have.
 “Inferences, elaborations, and relationships between
old perceptions and new ideas must be personally
drawn by the student in order for the new idea to
become an integrated, useful part of his/her memory”
(Hanley)
What is behaviorism?
• Behavioral psychology is the study of
external behavior
•Behavior is the response of an
organism to stimuli
“Give me a dozen healthy
infants, well-formed, and
my own special world to
bring them up in and I’ll
guarantee to take any
one at random and train
him to be any type of
specialist I might select
– a doctor, a lawyer,
artist…”
-Watson 1924
Ivan Pavlov
History of Behaviorism
• Pavlov (1927),
a Russian
physiologist
discovered
classical
conditioning in
dogs.
Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
Before Conditioning
Unconditioned
Stimulus
Neutral Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
No Response
Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
During Conditioning
Unconditioned
Neutral
Unconditioned
Stimulus
Stimulus
Response
Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
After Conditioning
Conditioned
Conditioned
Stimulus
Response
 Playing soothing music, dimming the lights to
calm and relax students
 Unintentional classical conditioning:
 Test anxiety
 Math anxiety
 Public speaking anxiety
 General school anxiety
B.F. Skinner (1904 –1990)
• American psychologist - influential from the 1930’s 60’s – developed operant conditioning
• Skinner was interested in education
– He believed that behavior is sustained by
reinforcements or rewards, not by free will.
• Famous for the skinner box & the teaching machine
• Often worked with pigeons
& rats and applied what he learned
with these animals to human learning
 With Operant Conditioning the Response comes before
the Stimulus (the opposite of CC)
R
S
 Teachers can deliberately use operant conditioning
with their students (training)
 How someone reacts to our behaviors determines
whether or not we continue the behavior
 if we are rewarded for something we will likely do it
again - do you do this as a teacher?
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Positive
Reinforcement
Presence of Pleasant
Stimulus
Negative
Reinforcement
Absence of Unpleasant
Stimulus
Punishment
Presence of
Unpleasant Stimulus
Behavior
Increases
Behavior
Decreases
 Behaviorism is seen when teachers use the following
methods:
a. Testing specific skills
b. More individual work than group
learning
c. Using positive and negative
reinforcement
 Students learn through experiences and practices.
 Learning is also modified with positive and negative
reinforcements.
 Students begin to give predicted responses to a
stimulus