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4/15/15 The Adaptive Mind How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Reflexes © Argosy Publishing, Inc. Reflexes are simple, inflexible (we can’t stop them), and are not learned through experience. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Instincts A baby kangaroo will climb into its mother’s pouch immediately after it is born, with no help or instruction. © kjuuurs/Photos.com. Instincts are not learned but are much more complex than reflexes. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 1 4/15/15 Learning Type of Learning Cognitive Process Examples Associative Form new connections among stimuli and behaviors • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning Nonassociative Change the magnitude of responses to a kind of stimulus • Habituation • Sensitization Observational Learning by watching the actions and experience of another • Imitation L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? What Is Classical Conditioning? L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 Analyze the components of a classical conditioning experiment, identifying the unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and conditioned response. Evaluate whether a classical conditioning scenario has the features needed to produce acquisition of a conditioned response, extinction, spontaneous recovery, conditioned inhibition, generalization versus discrimination, and/or latent inhibition. L07 L08 Classical Conditioning © andipantz/iStockphoto Does your pet come running when it hears your car? L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 2 4/15/15 The Unconditioned Stimulus and Response Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? The Conditioned Stimulus and Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? The bell must ring just before the steak appears. Dogs only learned the association when the UCS and CS were close together in time. © Cengage Learning 2013 Acquisition What Is Operant Conditioning? L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 3 4/15/15 Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Generalization vs. Discrimination of Conditioned Stimuli Why does your pet only run to the door when it hears your car, not other cars? This is a problem of generalization versus discrimination. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? What Is Operant Conditioning? L01 L02 Differentiate operant conditioning from classical conditioning and implement operant conditioning principles in real-life learning scenarios (e.g., training a pet or child). L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 Compare and contrast positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment in terms of learning process and effects on behavior. Analyze the ways in which animals’ evolved instincts appeared to constrain learning in some studies of classical and operant conditioning (e.g., Garcia & Koelling, 1966; Breland & Breland, 1961). 4 4/15/15 Twiggy, the Waterskiing Squirrel © Timothy A. Clary/AFP/Getty Images Waterskiing lessons began as a joke, but Twiggy was soon famous. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Operant Conditioning © Matt Cardy/Getty Images The outcome of practice is successfully riding a wave. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? How does Operant Conditioning Differ From Classical Conditioning? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Association between conditioned & unconditioned stimuli Association between behavior & consequences Organism responds to environment Organism acts on environment Behavior is reactive Behavior is instrumental Best with involuntary behaviors Best with voluntary behaviors L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 5 4/15/15 Classic Research: The Skinner Box © Cengage Learning 2013 A Skinner Box is a modified cage with levers or buttons animals could press or peck. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Types of Consequences Add stimulus to environment Remove stimulus from environment Increase behavior Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Decrease behavior Positive punishment Negative punishment L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? A dog that “begs” is given a treat; it will learn to beg more often. © Phil Date/Shutterstock Positive Reinforcement L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 6 4/15/15 The Premack Principle © Carolyn Jenkins/Alamy © M. Itani/Alamy High priority behaviors (such as eating M&Ms) can be used to reward low priority behaviors (such as eating carrots). L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Caveat: The Overjustification Effect © Carolyn Jenkins/Alamy © M. Itani/Alamy A child who is not allowed to eat dessert until his vegetables are finished may come to like vegetables less! L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? A kitten that scratches is scolded; it will learn not to scratch. © Kuzmin Andrey/Shutterstock Positive Punishment L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 7 4/15/15 Negative Reinforcement © Poulsons Photography/Shutterstock A woman hits the snooze button on her alarm; she will start hitting the snooze button more often. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Negative Punishment © Steve Debenport/iStockphoto A girl who breaks a rule has to give up her phone (removing privileges). L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Test Yourself, Part 1 Scenario: A child starts screaming in a boring store; the parent offers to go for ice cream as soon as they’re done. 1. From the child’s perspective, is the consequence of screaming? Icewhat Cream 2. What type of consequence this? PositiveisReinforcement 3. Is the child more or less likely to scream in the next boring store? More likely, because screaming was rewarded before. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 8 4/15/15 Test Yourself, Part 2 Scenario: A child starts screaming in a boring store; the parent promises to go for ice cream as soon as they’re done. 1. From the parent’s perspective, what is the consequence child stops crying of promising theThe ice cream? 2. What type of consequence this? Negativeis Reinforcement 3. likely, ice cream IsMore the parent more orbecause less likely to promising offer ice cream the next time the child screams? removed the unpleasant screaming L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Test Yourself, part 3 Scenario: A child starts screaming in a boring store; the parent ignores the tantrum. 1. From theNeither child’s perspective, what is the consequence of screaming? reward nor punishment 2. Is the child more or less likely to scream in the next boring store? Less likely, because screaming is no longer rewarded In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a learned behavior is no longer reinforced L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Continuous vs. Partial Schedules of Reinforcement: Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs vs. reinforcing behavior sometimes, but not always L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 9 4/15/15 Fixed Ratio Schedules In the garment industry, workers are often paid “by the piece.” (or set number) © SCPhotos/Alamy Behavior tends to drop immediately after a reward, and speed close to next reward L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Variable Ratio Schedules Slot machines “pay off” after a variable number of plays. © Tetra Images/Photoshot leads to rapid and consistent increase in behavior L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Fixed Interval Schedules • Interval Schedules: Emphasis is on ratio of reward to time • The reward is given after a set amount of time • Example: Patient-controlled painkiller medication has a required delay before the next dose (e.g., 1 hour) L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 10 4/15/15 Variable Interval Schedules The reward is given after a variable amount of time. © holbox/Shutterstock Behavior is slow to increase, but steady L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Back to Twiggy © Timothy A. Clary/AFP/Getty Images Twiggy did not just hop on waterskis one day, and get a treat. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Possible Twiggy Training Approach Step 1 Reward for sniffing at skis (not on water) Step 2 Reward for walking on skis Step 3 Reward for standing up on skis Step 4 Reward for holding waterski bar Step 5 Reward for doing 1-4 near pool of water Step 6 Reward for actually waterskiing L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 11 4/15/15 The Limits of Operant Conditioning © IrinaK/Shutterstock Keller and Marion Breland’s raccoons preferred washing their coins to depositing them in piggy banks. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Albert Bandura’s ‘Bobo Doll’ Study “Pow, right in the nose!” “Sockeroo, stay down!” © Albert Bandura/Stanford University © Albert Bandura/Stanford University L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Half of the children saw the woman rewarded with candy. © Lisa F. Young/iStockphoto The other half saw the woman scolded by researchers. © Madlen/Shutterstock Observed Reward and Punishment L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 12 4/15/15 Imitation of Aggression © Albert Bandura/Stanford University © Albert Bandura/Stanford University © Albert Bandura/Stanford University © Albert Bandura/Stanford University L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? Learning Principles in Relationships © Catherine Yeulet/Photos.com Your behavior influences the way others behave toward you. L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 How Do Animals Use Reflexes, Instincts, and Learning to Respond to the Environment? What Is Classical Conditioning? What Is Operant Conditioning? What Is Observational Learning? 13
