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Review Document 9: Social Psychology Chapter 16 Social Psychology Define: Study of the way people relate to others. Attitude Formation and Change What is attitude? Set of beliefs / feelings Advertising / Marketing: Sole focus is shaping attitudes ___________________: More exposure / repetition, the more we come to like it… What’s the most effective communicator of message? Attractive, famous, expert Attitudes and Behavior Is attitude a predictive model of behavior? (Generally yes not specifically dependable) ____________________________ Theory People are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behavior (creatures of habit) Inconsistency between thoughts, actions creates uncertainty, discomfort Most common reactions: Rationalize behavior, Change thought, or change behavior IOW: we need our thoughts and actions to agree Compliance Strategies (How we get others to comply with our wishes) Suppose you need to borrow $20 from a friend? Which is the best way to get the money? “Foot in the Door” phenomenon: small to big = $5, larger follow up request of $15 “Door in the Face” phenomenon: Start big = “no”, back down work small Norms of Reciprocity: compulsion to return the favor Attribution Theory: Explanation of cause of what we observe Dispositional “person) attribution: explanation related to individual Situation attribution: explanation related to situation Stable or unstable: Consistent v. coincidental event Possibilities: person-stable attribution, person-unstable, situation-stable, situation-unstable _________________Prophecy: Expectations for others can influence how they behave / perform Attributional Biases (error in explanation of cause due to bias) ________________________ theory: Tendency to emphasize dispositional instead of situational (erroneously blame it on individual instead of situation) Is it really fundamental? Research shows that it differs between cultures: fundamental attribution error much less likely in collectivist cultures (less emphasis on self = less emphasis on self of others) _______________________: tendency to overestimate how others share our perspective, attitude Self-Serving Bias: too much credit for good outcomes, not enough for bad (make yourself look good…) Just-world belief: bad things happen to bad people ( tendency to blame victims due to bias) Unemployed are lazy, rape victim should have known better…) Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination ____________________: generalized, often inaccurate belief about a group ____________________: Unjustified, negative attitude about a group and its members ____________________: unjustified negative behavior In-groups vs. Out-groups Tendency to view out-groups as more homogeneous (out-group homogeneity), in-groups as more diverse In-group bias: Tendency to favor one’s own group Combating Prejudice Contact theory: contact between hostile groups reduces animosity if working together on one goal must benefit all and necessitate participation of all = superordinate goal __________________Study: summer camp: designed competitive events between two groups = negative feelings between them / created crises that demanded superordinate goal: result = better relations Aggression and Antisocial behavior: Two types of aggression Instrumental: when aggression is used to secure an end (goal) Hostile aggression: simply angry or upset; acting out of aggression Frustration-Aggression theory: frustration facilitates aggression (more likely) Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment: power of aggressive modeling Prosocial Behavior (helping behavior) ____________________ (intervention) : Tendency to not give help / get involved if others are around (diffusion of responsibility) Attraction Factors influencing attraction: similarity, proximity, reciprocal liking _____________love: aroused state of intense positive feelings for another _______________love: Deep affection / attachment for those with whom our lives are intertwine The Influence of Others on Behavior Social facilitation: we perform better when around others Social impairment: others impair performance if task is difficult Conformity: to go along with others Asch experiment: class setting: questions / Confederates all gave incorrect answer / individual would follow suit 30% of time (70% at least once during trials) Likelihood of conformity does not increase with increase in group size __________________ Experiment (1974) Classic obedience study “Teacher / student” / electric shock for each incorrect answer / buttons: 15 up to 450 volts Screaming and silence: 60% followed commands and administered all shocks Points to consider: % decreased if could see face, would never be admitted today, experimenters were told that if real, confederates would have been killed (profoundly disturbing) Group Dynamics Norms: rules / expectations of behavior __________________: less effort than if working alone __________________: tendency to heighten, intensify views when discussing with those that share your views Deindividuation: “mob mentality” swept away by group dynamic = looting, rioting _______________: desire for harmony within group overrides realistic assessment (false unanimity is encouraged = bad decisions) highly cohesive groups making risky decisions most prone (CIA!)