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Reprogramming = Dedifferentiation the process of converting somatic
cell back in to pluripotent stems.
Regression of a specialized cell or
tissue to a simpler, more embryonic,
unspecialized form. Dedifferentiation
may occur before the regeneration of
appendages in plants and certain
animals and in the development of
some cancers

is a female gametocyte or
germ cell involved in
reproduction. In other words,
it is an immature ovum, or
egg cell. An oocyte is
produced in the ovary during
female gametogenesis. The
female germ cells produce a
primordial germ cell (PGC)
which undergoes mitosis to
form an oogonium. During
oogenesis the oogonium
becomes a primary oocyte.

In cell biology, pluripotency
refers to a stem cell that has the
potential to differentiate into any
of the three germ layers:
endoderm (interior stomach
lining, gastrointestinal tract, the
lungs), mesoderm (muscle,
bone, blood, urogenital), or
ectoderm (epidermal tissues
and nervous system).
Pluripotent stem cells can give
rise to any fetal or adult cell
type. However, alone they
cannot develop into a fetal or
adult organism because they
lack the potential to contribute to
extraembryonic tissue, such as
the placenta.
Cell Biomarkers for pluripotency
Biomarker-a molecule that is present (or
absent) from a particular cellular type
 Cell sorting techniques are based on
cellular biomarkers
 A biomarker can be used to identify a cell
population, make a diagnostic, measure
the progress of disease or the effects of
treatment
 One example of cellular biomarker is the
protein Oct-4 that is found in embryonic
stem cells

Traditional Pluripotent
marker Display
Induced pluripotent stem cells-type of pluripotent
stem cell artificially derived from a non-pluripotent
cell - typically an adult somatic cell - by inducing a
"forced" expression of specific genes.
Discovered by Shinya Yamanaka, John Gurdon, and
team
Somatic cells

any biological cell forming the body of
an organism; that is, in a multicellular
organism, any cell other than a gamete,
germ cell, gametocyte or
undifferentiated stem cell
Cell induces teratoma in SCID
mouse

Teratoma-A teratoma is an
encapsulated tumor with tissue or
organ components resembling
normal derivatives of all three germ
layers. The tissues of a teratoma,
although normal in themselves, may
be quite different from surrounding
tissues and may be highly disparate;
teratomas have been reported to
contain hair, teeth, bone and, very
rarely, more complex organs or
processes such as eyes, torso, and
hands, feet, or other limbs.
USED TODAY
 SCID
mouse-SCID mice were and still
are used in disease, vaccine, and
transplant research, especially as
animal models for testing the safety of
new vaccines or therapeutic agents in
people with weakened immune
systems.
WHAT IS SCID

SCID(Severe combined
immunodeficiency)-is a genetic disorder
in which both "arms" (B cells and T cells) of
the adaptive immune system are impaired
due to a defect in one of several possible
genes. SCID is a severe form of heritable
immunodeficiency. It is also known as the
bubble boy disease because its victims
are extremely vulnerable to infectious
diseases
Cell with GFP followed in chimera
embryos > egg and sperm
green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a
protein composed of 238 amino acid
residues (26.9kDa) that exhibits bright
green fluorescence when exposed to
light in the blue to ultraviolet range
 [Insert chimera embryo picture cause I
can’t get a picture]

Cells form an embryo in
'Tetraploid Complementation'
Test
'Tetraploid Complementation' Test -a technique in biology in


which cells of two mammalian embryos are combined to
form a new embryo. It is used to construct genetically
modified organisms, to study the consequences of certain
mutations on embryonic development, and in the study of
pluripotent stem cells.
Normal mammalian somatic cells are diploid: each
chromosome (and thus every gene) is present in duplicate.
The assay starts with producing a tetrapod cell in which
every chromosome exists fourfold. This is done by taking an
embryo at the two-cell stage and fusing the two cells by
applying an electrical current. The resulting tetraploid cell will
continue to divide, and all daughter cells will also be
tetraploid.
'Tetraploid Complementation'
Test cont.


Such a tetraploid embryo can develop normally to
the blastocyst stage and will implant in the wall of the
uterus. The tetraploid cells can form the extraembryonic tissue (placenta etc.), however a proper
fetus will rarely develop.
The tetraploid complementation assay is also used
to test whether induced pluripotent stem cells (stem
cells artificially produced from differentiated cells,
e.g. from skin cells) are as competent as normal
embryonal stem cells. If a viable animal can be
produced from an induced pluripotent stem cell using
the tetraploid complementation assay, then the
induced stem cells are deemed equivalent to
embryonal stem cells
Important People in
Project
Shinya Yamanaka
Japanese physician that discovered that
mature cells can be converted into stem
cells.
 Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology
or Medicine
 In 2006, he and his team generated
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
from adult mouse fibroblasts

John Gurdon
A British developmental biologist that
best known for his pioneering research
in nuclear transplantation and cloning
 Worked with Yamanaka and was
awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology or
Medicine

James Thomson


an American developmental biologist best known
for deriving the first human embryonic stem (ES)
cell line in 1998 and for deriving human induced
pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in 2007.
Human embryonic stem cells can divide without
limit, and yet maintain the potential to make all the
cells of the body. This remarkable potential makes
them useful for basic research on the function of
the human body, for drug discovery and testing,
and as a source of cells and tissues for
transplantation medicine
Ian Wilmut


an English embryologist and Chair of the Scottish Centre for
Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He is
best known as the leader of the research group that in 1996
first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish
Dorset lamb named Dolly. He was granted an OBE in 1999
for services to embryo development
Wilmut was the leader of the research group that in 1996 first
cloned a mammal, a lamb named Dolly. Dolly died of a
respiratory disease in 2003. However, in 2008 Wilmut
announced that he is to abandon the technique of somatic
cell nuclear transferby which Dolly was created in favour of
an alternative technique developed by Shinya Yamanaka
New iPS Facilites at Harvard,
Toronto, Kyoto

In 2008, Harvard University, along with
universities in Toronto and Kyoto,
established entire facilities devoted to
iPS cell studies
Reference

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William K. Purves, Gordon H. Orians, David
Sadava, H. Craig Heller, Craig Heller (2003).
Life: The Science of Biology(7th ed.), pp. 823–
824
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dedifferentiati
on
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_potency
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker_(cell)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratoma
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_combined_
immunodeficiency
Reference

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(genetics)
The tetraploid complementation assay is also
used to test whether induced pluripotent stem
cells (stem cells artificially produced from
differentiated cells, e.g. from skin cells) are as
competent as normal embryonal stem cells. If
a viable animal can be produced from an
induced pluripotent stem cell using the
tetraploid complementation assay, then the
induced stem cells are deemed equivalent to
embryonal stem cells

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wilmut
http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090422/f
ull/458962a.html
ictsd.org/i/publications/11770/
www.wipo.int/freepublications/en/intpropert
y/.../wipo_pub_941.pdf
www.telegraph.co.uk › Science › Science
News
science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/clo
ning3.htm
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www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/mut
ation/mutation5.htm
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001
316.htm
www.scid.net/
www.conncoll.edu/ccacad/zimmer/GFPww/GFP-1.htm
ciceet.unh.edu/powerpoint/ringwoodmethods.pdf
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64
4616/Sir-Ian-Wilmut/281350/Dolly-and-Polly
THANK YOU
By:
Bradley Varner
&
Chris Kohl