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Transcript
Chapter 3 Bioenergetics Introduction Cell Structure Cell Structure 1 Cell Structure A Typical Cell & Its Major Organelles Figure 3.1 Cell Structure A Closer Look 3.1 Molecular Biology & Exercise Science Biological Energy Transformation Steps Leading to Protein Synthesis 1. DNA contains information to produce proteins. 2. Transcription produces mRNA. 3. mRNA leaves nucleus & binds to ribosome. 4. AA are carried to the ribosome by tRNA. 5. In translation, mRNA is used to determine the arrangement of AA in the polypeptide chain. Figure 3.2 2 Biological Energy Transformation Cellular Chemical Reactions • Endergonic reactions • Exergonic reactions • Coupled reactions Biological Energy Transformation The Breakdown of glu: An Exergonic Reaction Figure 3.3 Biological Energy Transformation Coupled Reactions The energy given off by the exergonic reaction powers the endergonic reaction Figure 3.4 3 Biological Energy Transformation Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Biological Energy Transformation Oxidation-Reduction Reaction Involving NAD & NADH Figure 3.5 Biological Energy Transformation Enzymes 4 Biological Energy Transformation Enzymes Catalyze Reactions Enzymes lower the energy of activation Figure 3.6 Biological Energy Transformation The Lock-and-Key Model of Enzyme Action a) b) c) Substrate (sucrose) approaches the active site on the enzyme. Substrate fits into the active site, forming enzymesubstrate complex. The enzyme releases the products (glu & fructose). Figure 3.7 Biological Energy Transformation Examples of the Diagnostic Value of Enzymes in bld 5 Biological Energy Transformation Classification of Enzymes • Oxidoreductases – Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions • Transferases – Transfer elements of one molecule to another • Hydrolases – Cleave bonds by adding water • Lyases – Groups of elements are removed to form a double bond or added to a double bond • Isomerases – Rearrangement of the structure of molecules • Ligases – Catalyze bond formation b/n substrate molecules Biological Energy Transformation Example of the Major Classes of Enzymes Biological Energy Transformation Factors that Alter Enzyme Activity 6 Biological Energy Transformation The Effect of Body Temperature on Enzyme Activity Figure 3.8 Biological Energy Transformation The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity Figure 3.9 Fuels for Exercise CHO's 7 Fuels for Exercise Fats Fuels for Exercise Protein High-Energy Phosphates High-Energy Phosphates 8 High-Energy Phosphates Structure of ATP Figure 3.10 High-Energy Phosphates Model of ATP as the Universal Energy Donor Figure 3.11 Bioenergetics Bioenergetics • Formation of ATP 9 Bioenergetics Anaerobic ATP Production Bioenergetics The Winning Edge 3.1 Does Creatine Supplementation Improve Exercise Performance? • Depletion of PC may limit short-term, high-intensity exercise Bioenergetics A Closer Look 3.2 Lactic Acid or Lactate? The ionization of lactic acid forms the conjugate base called lactate Figure 3.12 10 Bioenergetics 2 Phases of Glycolysis Figure 3.13 Bioenergetics Interaction b/n bld glu & Muscle Glycogen in Glycolysis Figure 3.14 Bioenergetics Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase Figure 3.15 11 Bioenergetics Glycolysis: Energy Generation Phase Figure 3.15 Bioenergetics H+ & e- Carrier Molecules Bioenergetics A Closer Look 3.3 NADH is “Shuttled” into Mitochondria • NADH produced in glycolysis must be converted back to NAD – By converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid – By “shuttling” H+ into the mitochondria • A specific transport system shuttles H+ across the mitochondrial mb – Located in the mitochondrial mb 12 Bioenergetics Conversion of Pyruvic Acid to Lactic Acid The addition of two H+ to pyruvic acid forms NAD & lactic acid Figure 3.16 Bioenergetics Aerobic ATP Production Bioenergetics 3 Stages of Oxidative Phosphorylation Figure 3.17 13 Bioenergetics The Krebs Cycle Figure 3.18 Bioenergetics Fats & Proteins in Aerobic Metabolism Bioenergetics Relationship b/n the Metabolism of Proteins, CHO's, & Fats Figure 3.19 14 Bioenergetics Aerobic ATP Production Bioenergetics The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis of ATP Formation Bioenergetics The ETC Figure 3.20 15 Bioenergetics A Closer Look 3.4 Beta Oxidation is the Process of Converting Fatty Acids to Acetyl-CoA Bioenergetics Beta Oxidation Figure 3.21 Aerobic ATP Tally A Closer Look 3.5 A New Look at the ATP Balance Sheet 16 Aerobic ATP Tally Aerobic ATP Tally Per glu Molecule Metabolic Process High-Energy Products ATP from Oxidative ATP Subtotal Phosphorylation Glycolysis 2 ATP 2 NADH — 5 2 (if anaerobic) 7 (if aerobic) Pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA 2 NADH 5 12 Krebs cycle — 15 3 14 29 32 2 GTP 6 NADH 2 FADH Grand Total 32 Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation • 1 mole of ATP has energy yield of 7.3 kcal • 32 moles of ATP are formed from 1 mole of glu • Potential energy released from 1 mole of glu is 686 kcal/mole 32 moles ATP/mole glu x 7.3 kcal/mole ATP x 100 = 34% 686 kcal/mole glu Control of Bioenergetics Control of Bioenergetics • Rate-limiting enzymes • Modulators of rate-limiting enzymes 17 Control of Bioenergetics Example of a Rate-Limiting Enzyme Figure 3.22 Control of Bioenergetics Factors Known to Affect Rate-Limiting Enzymes Pathway Rate-Limiting Enzyme Stimulators Inhibitors ATP-PC system Creatine kinase ADP ATP Glycolysis Phosphofructokinase AMP, ADP, Pi, pH ATP, CP, citrate, pH Krebs cycle Isocitrate dehydrogenase ++ ADP, Ca , NAD Electron transport Cytochrome Oxidase ADP, Pi chain ATP, NADH ATP Interaction b/n Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production Interaction b/n Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production 18 Interaction b/n Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production The Winning Edge 3.2 Contribution of Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production During Sporting Events Figure 3.23 19