* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 6 CHAPTER 3
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Chichewa tenses wikipedia , lookup
Meaning (philosophy of language) wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Symbol grounding problem wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish verbs wikipedia , lookup
Sotho verbs wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Hungarian verbs wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 6 ______________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 3 - THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH Exercise 3.1 This exercise lends itself to group work. It focuses students’ attention on their knowledge of the underlying morphological system that enables them to create new words from nonsense words. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. glubbify, glub glubber glubbish glubbishly glubbiphobe Exercise 3.2 The parts of speech are indicated below, although at this point students are expected only to recognize independent words. 1. under# score {under} is a preposition meaning “below” {score} is a verb meaning “to mark with lines” 2. re# form {re-} means “repetition of a stated action” (redo) {form} is a verb meaning “to shape or mold” 3. dark# en {dark} is an adjective meaning “without light” {-en} creates verbs from adjectives (deepen) 4. coward# ly {coward} is a noun meaning “one who lacks courage” {-ly} creates adjectives from nouns (friendly) 5. child# ish {child} a noun meaning “a person between birth and puberty” {-ish} creates adjectives meaning “having the quality of” (foolish) 6. dough# nut# s {dough} is a noun meaning “a mixture of flour and liquids that is baked” {nut} is a noun meaning “a hard-shelled, one-cell fruit” {-s} indicates that a noun is plural (car/cars) EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 7 ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. non# believe# er {non-} changes the meaning of a word to its negative (nonstarter) {believe} is a verb meaning “to accept as true” {-er} creates a noun meaning “one who does” (scribbler) 8. clue# less {clue} is a noun meaning “anything that guides in the solution of a problem” {-less} creates adjectives meaning “free of” (heedless) 9. dis# approve# al {dis-}changes the meanings of verbs to their opposites (disappear) {approve} is a verb meaning “to regard favorably” {-al} creates nouns from verbs (removal) 10. un# fashion# able {un-}changes the meaning of a word to its opposite (unlikely) {fashion} is a noun meaning “the current style” {-able} is from the adjective able, meaning “capable of” 11. re# ignite# ed {re-} means “repetition of a stated action” (reassure) {ignite} is a verb meaning “to cause to burn” {-ed} indicates the past tense of a verb (walk/walked) 12. de# class# ify {de-} indicates “reversal or undoing” (deactivate) {class } is a noun meaning “a division by quality, rank, or grade” {-ify} creates verbs from nouns and adjectives (terrify, falsify) Exercise 3.3 Yester# day# the# bak# er# ’s# old# est# daughter# ran# a# way# with# the# bank# er# ’s# young# est# son. Exercise 3.4 1. Fred# find# s# the# old# elevat# or# un# bear# able. 2. The# manag# er# listen# ed# im# patient# ly# as# the# clerk# ’s# claim# s# be# came# increas# ing# ly# in# cred# ible EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 8 ______________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.5 1. A - A regular activity assumed to occur in the past, the present, and the future 2. D - Something that will occur in the future 3. E - Something that occurs at an indefinite time 4. B - Something in a narrative that occurred in the past but is told as though it were happening in the present 5. A - A regular activity assumed to occur in the past, the present, and the future E - Something that occurs at an indefinite time 6. CC - Both verbs indicate something that is continuously ongoing in the past, present, and future 7. C - Something that is continuously ongoing in the past, present, and future D or E - Something that will occur in the future or at an indefinite time 8. BB - Both verbs indicate something in a narrative that occurred in the past but is told as though it were happening in the present Exercise 3.6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. thought, thought sank, sunk blinked, blinked swept, swept bleeped, bleeped burned/burnt, burned/burnt turned, turned swam, swum trimmed, trimmed hit, hit gritted, gritted sat, sat EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 9 ______________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.7 1. Noun The concrete’s surface was very rough. 2. Verb I reconciled my checkbook last month. 3. Noun Verb Only a few stars are visible when the moon is bright. Johnny Depp has starred in many movies. 4. Noun Verb We’ll have three tables of bridge tonight. The committee tabled the motion after a long discussion. 5. Noun Verb They keep soft drinks in their refrigerator during the summer. Barbara drank water constantly while working out. 6. Adjective Adverb You can drop me off at the far corner. His robot didn’t go far before it ran off the road and fell into a ditch. 7. Verb Adjective Adverb Joe freed the dog from its leash when they reached the park. I have never felt freer in my life. The New Hampshire motto is “Live free or die.” 8. Noun Verb Adjective Adverb He’ll be wearing 28 longs before long. The servicemen and women longed to spend Thanksgiving at home. June 6, 1944, has been called “The Longest Day.” Jimmy balanced the ball on his nose longer than anyone else. Exercise 3.8 Some of the possible derivations from act are: actable, actably, action, actionary, actionless, activate, active, actively, activeness, activist, activistic, activisticly, activity, antiaction, deactivate, enact, enaction, enactment, inactable, inactableness, inactably, inaction, inactivate, inactive, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity, nonaction, nonactive, nonactively, nonactiveness, nonactivity, proaction, proactive, proactively, proactiveness, proactivity, react, reaction, reactionary, reactionless, reactionlessly, reactivate, reactive, reactiveness, reactivity, reenact, reenaction, reenactment, semiaction, semiactive, semiactively, semiactiveness, semiactivity, superaction, superactive, superactively, unactable, unactably, and so on. Students may create or discover others. EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 10 ______________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.9 1. {fore-} {shadow} bound derivational prefix meaning “before in time” (forecast) free base 2. {dis-} {approve} {-al} bound derivational prefix indicating negation (disunite) free base bound derivational noun-making suffix meaning “act or process” (refusal) 3. {hyphen} {-ate} free base bound derivational verb-making suffix meaning “to apply” (pollinate) 4. {techno-} {-crat} bound base meaning “concerned with technology” bound derivational suffix meaning “a participant or supporter” (democrat) 5. {be-} bound derivational verb-making prefix meaning “to cause a condition to exist” (becalm) free base {stir} 6. {en-} {throne} {-ment} bound derivational verb-making prefix meaning “to put into or on” (encompass) free base bound derivational noun-making suffix meaning “state or action” (government) 7. {marvel} {-ous} free base bound derivational adjective-making suffix “having or possessing” (odorous) 8. {en-} {close} {-ure} bound derivational prefix meaning “in or within” (encase) free base bound derivational noun-making suffix indicating “act or process” (indenture) EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 11 ______________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.10 This exercise can be assigned as homework or it can be done in class in small groups. Use a dictionary to check your answer. acrophobia claustrophobia hydrophobia agoraphobia gamophobia orinthophobia panophobia melissophobia demophobia thanatophobia phagophobia ichthyphobia genophobia arachnophobia ophidiophobia xenophobia gynophobia triskaidekaphobia autophobia scopophobia hygrophobia batrachnophobia peniaphobia alophobia fear of heights fear of being locked up, shut up in an enclosed space fear of water fear of open spaces fear of marriage fear of birds fear of work fear of bees fear of crowds fear of death fear of eating fear of fish fear of sex fear of spiders fear of snakes fear of strangers fear of women fear of thirteen fear of being alone fear of being looked at fear of dampness fear of frogs fear of poverty fear of seeing, handling, or playing a flute or similar wind instrument Exercise 3.11 1. fast accepts inflectional suffixes (as a verb, fasts/fasted; as an adjective or adverb faster/fastest) 2. quite cannot accept change 3. river accepts inflectional suffixes (rivers) EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 12 ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. might cannot accept change 5. backwards cannot accept change 6. cook accepts derivational (cookery) and inflectional suffixes (cooks, cooked) 7. attractive accepts derivational (attractively) suffixes 8. among cannot accept change 9. imagine accepts derivational affixes (unimaginable, imaginability) Exercise 3.12 No answers are provided for this exercise. Review Exercises Morphological Analysis 1. {bag} {-age} free base meaning “pouch-like container” bound derivational suffix meaning “relationship or pertaining to” (parentage) 2. {style} {-ist} {-ic} free base meaning “sort or kind” bound derivational suffix meaning “a person skilled in a special field” (physicist) bound derivational suffix meaning “characteristic of” (mythic) 3. {in-} {digest} {-ion} bound derivational prefix meaning “not” (ineligible) free base meaning “to assimilate food” bound derivational suffix meaning “an act or process” (revision) 4. {semi-} {conduct} {-or} bound derivational prefix meaning “partial or half” (semicircle) free base meaning “to direct the course of” bound derivational suffix meaning “something that performs the action” (operator) 5. {out} {side} free base meaning “away from inside” free base meaning “an area separated from another” EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 13 ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. {grump} {-y} {-est} free base meaning “a cranky person” bound derivational adjective-making suffix (rainy) bound inflectional suffix indicating the superlative 7. {paint} {-er} free base meaning “to cover with a liquid used as a decorative coating” bound derivational suffix meaning “person who performs an action” (wrestler) bound derivational suffix creating adjectives from nouns (brotherly) {-ly} 8. {margin} {-al} {-ize} free base meaning “an edge or border” bound derivational suffix indicating “connection with” (adjectival) bound derivational verb-making suffix meaning “to cause to become” (idolize) 9. {in-} {capable} {-ity} bound derivational prefix meaning “not” (ineligible) free base meaning “having the ability” bound derivational suffix indicating a state or quality (authenticity) 10. {re-} bound derivational prefix meaning “repetition of a previous action” (reapply) free base meaning “to spread out troops” bound derivational noun-making suffix indicating “action or state” (appeasement) {deploy} {-ment} 11. {un-} {de-} {cipher} {-able} bound derivational prefix meaning “not” (unfair) bound derivational prefix meaning “undo” (deselect) free base meaning “code” bound derivational suffix meaning “capable of” (arguable) 12. {house} {hold} {-er} {-s} free base meaning “residence” free base meaning “something held” bound derivational suffix meaning “person who performs the action” bound inflection suffix indicating the plural EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 14 ______________________________________________________________________________ Inflectional Morphemes is smallest state’s growing is keeping becoming gardeners It’s crops vegetables have lacked faster days fruits reported cabbages grew were had been chilled exploded rose said was bigger records holds has produced was largest weighed grown verb present tense (third person singular) adjective superlative noun possessive verb present participle verb present tense (third person singular) verb present participle verb present participle noun plural A contraction of two words: the pronoun It and the verb is (present tense, third person singular) noun plural noun plural verb present tense (plural) verb past participle adverb comparative noun plural noun plural verb past tense noun plural verb past tense verb past tense (plural) verb past tense verb past participle verb past participle verb past tense verb past tense verb past tense verb past tense (singular) adjective comparative noun plural verb present tense (third person singular) verb present tense (third person singular) verb past participle verb past tense (singular) adjective superlative verb past tense verb past participle EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 15 ______________________________________________________________________________ Practical Applications - New Coinages 1. wikipedia an interactive web-based encyclopedia {wiki} + {-pedia}, as in encyclopedia 2. wiktionary an interactive web-based dictionary {wiki} + {-tionary}, as in dictionary 3. wikiblog an interactive web log {wiki} + {blog} (a compound word) 4. wikitorial a short-lived L.A. Times interactive web-based editorial page {wiki} + {-torial}, as in editorial 5. wikify, wikiate 6. wikster, wikimaniac, wikiac 7. wikisphere, wikidom, wikiverse 8. bliki, bloki 9. linki, liki, cliki Practical Applications - Changing Language Student answers to this assignment will vary. It is a good exercise for students to write first and share later in small groups.