Download Chapter One: What is Sociology?

Chapter One: What is Sociology?
Chapter One:
What is Sociology?
1
What Is Sociology?
• Sociology is one of the social sciences—
disciplines that examine the human, or
social, world.
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Sociology and the Social Sciences
3
What Is Sociology?
(cont’d.)
• Sociology can help you develop a
sociological perspective—a way of
taking a sociological approach or
thinking sociologically about the world.
4
What Is Sociology?
(cont’d.)
• Sociology—the study of
society
• According to Howard
Becker, sociology is the
study of people “doing
things together”
because neither the
individual nor society
exist independently of
one another.
5
What Is Sociology? (cont’d.)
• Sociology looks at a broad range of
institutions (structures in our society, like
education, economics, and politics) to
better understand social relationships.
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What Is Sociology?
(cont’d.)
• Sociologists are interested in all
aspects of society.
• Society—a group of people who
shape their lives in patterned ways
that distinguish their group from
other groups
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Culture Shock
• Culture shock is the sense of
disorientation you experience
upon entering a new
environment.
• Behaviors that are typical in
one society or culture may
seem very strange in another
context.
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Sociological Imagination
• Sociological imagination is a term
coined by C. Wright Mills.
• Mills says, “To understand social life,
we must understand the intersection
between biography and history.”
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Sociological Imagination
(cont’d.)
• Sociological imagination: a quality of
the mind that allows us to
understand the relationship between
our particular situation in life and
what is happening at a social level
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The Beginner’s Mind
• Just as it sounds, the “beginner’s
mind” is the opposite of an expert’s
mind. Bernard McGrane says that
to explore the social world, it is
important that we clear our minds
of stereotypes, expectations, and
opinions so that we are more
receptive to our experiences.
11
Levels of Analysis
• Sociologists can use different levels of
analysis to explore social relationships:
• Microsociology: examines small-group
interactions to see how they impact larger
institutions in society
• Macrosociology: examines large-scale social
structures to determine how they impact
groups and individuals
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The Micro-Macro Continuum
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Microsociology
Macrosociology
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Sociological Theories
• Theories in sociology are propositions
that explain the social world and help to
make predictions about future events.
• Theories are also sometimes referred to
as approaches, schools of thought,
paradigms, or perspectives.
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Sociology’s Roots
• Auguste Comte:
• Stated that sociology needed to be
treated like any other scientific
discipline
• Laid the groundwork for future
sociologists and helped build the
discipline
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Auguste Comte
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Sociology’s Roots
(cont’d.)
• Harriet Martineau:
• A social activist who traveled the
United States and wrote about social
changes that were radical for this time
period
• Martineau translated Comte’s work
into English, making his ideas
accessible to England and America.
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Harriet Martineau
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Sociology’s Roots
(cont’d.)
• Herbert Spencer was the first great
English-speaking sociologist.
• Spencer believed in evolution and coined
the phrase “survival of the fittest.”
• He believed that societies evolve through
time by adapting to their changing
environment. His philosophy is often
referred to as social Darwinism.
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Herbert Spencer
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Sociology’s Roots
(cont’d.)
• Émile Durkheim worked to
establish sociology as an important
academic discipline.
• Interested in the social factors that bond
and hold people together
• Studied the correlation between social
isolation and suicide
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Émile Durkheim
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Sociology’s Roots
(cont’d.)
• Karl Marx was a German philosopher
and political activist.
• Marx contributed significantly to
sociology’s conflict theory.
25
Karl Marx
26
Sociology’s Roots
(cont’d.)
• Marx believed that capitalism was
creating social inequality between the
bourgeoisie, who owned the means of
production (money, factories, natural
resources, and land), and the proletariat,
who were the workers.
• According to Marx, this inequality leads
to class conflict.
27
Sociology’s Roots
(cont’d.)
• Max Weber was also interested in how
society was becoming industrialized.
• He was concerned with the process of
rationalization, applying economic
logic to all human activity.
• He believed that contemporary life was
filled with disenchantment, the result of
the dehumanizing features of modern
societies.
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Max Weber
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Sociology’s Roots
(cont’d.)
• George Herbert Mead was interested in
the connection between thought and
action—or between the individual and
society.
• Mead suggested that the meanings that
we give to objects in our society are
social processes—people interact, and
meanings come from these interactions.
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George Herbert Mead
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Sociology’s Roots
(cont’d.)
• Erving Goffman was interested in how
the “self” is developed through
interactions with others in society.
• Goffman used the term dramaturgy to
describe the way people strategically
present themselves to others.
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Erving Goffman
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Schools of Thought
• Your book refers to paradigms, or
schools of thought. Paradigms are ways
of thinking, or “theoretical umbrellas,”
meant to provide a broad explanation
for the way things work.
34
Modern Schools of Thought
• Structural functionalism:
• Society is viewed as an ordered system
of interrelated parts, or structures,
which are the social institutions that
make up society (family, education,
politics, the economy).
• Each of these different structures meets
the needs of society by performing
specific functions for the whole system
(society).
35
Modern Schools of
Thought (cont’d.)
• Conflict theory:
• Sees social conflict as the basis of
society and social change
36
Modern Schools of
Thought (cont’d.)
• Symbolic interactionism:
• Sees interaction and meaning as
central to society and assumes that
meanings are not inherent but rather
are created through interaction
37
New Theoretical
Approaches
• Feminist theory:
• Looks at both gender inequalities in
society and the way that gender
structures the social world and
considers remedies to these
inequalities
38
New Theoretical
Approaches (cont’d.)
• Queer theory:
• Proposes that categories of sexual
identity are social constructs and that
no sexual category is fundamentally
either deviant or normal
39
New Theoretical
Approaches (cont’d.)
• Postmodernist theory:
• Suggests that social reality is diverse,
pluralistic, and constantly changing
40