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VIDEO SUMMARIES: CELLS Mitochondria( Cell( 1. Cells:( membrane( Cell(wall( Nucleus( ( Chloroplast( Cytoplasm( Animal(Cell( Plant(Cell( • 2. ATP(is(the(“energy(currency”(of(cells( • 3. Enzymes(are(proteins(that(speed(up(reacAons( • Factors(that(affect(protein(funcAon:( • • ENERGY&AND&ENZYMES& What(you(need(to(know:( Temperature( pH( CoKfactor/coKenzyme( Enzyme(concentraAon( Substrate(concentraAon( CELLULAR'RESPIRATION'(1/2)' What%you%need%to%know:% (Aerobic)%respira8on%is%the%process%where%organisms%obtain%energy% from%(organic)%molecules% The%purpose%of%respira8on%is%to%release%energy%from%food%% Sugar%(glucose)% Water% 6O2 + C6 H12O6 ⇒ 6CO2 + 6H 2O + Energy Oxygen% Creates%28%–%38%ATP% Carbon%Dioxide% Factors%that%affect%cellular%respira8on:% • Amount%of%nutrients% Slow • Temperature% • State%of%cell%–%growth%and%repair% • Nature%(high%energy%requirements)% Medium WWW.LEARNCOACH.CO.NZ Fast Ruined • VIDEO SUMMARIES: CELLS CELLULAR'RESPIRATION'(2/2)' What%you%need%to%know:% PHOTOSYNTHESIS* What%you%need%to%know:% Photosynthesis%is%the%process%by%which%green%plants%synthesise%(make)% food,%using%sunlight.% Purpose:%plants%is%to%make%food%for%energy%% %%animals%to%make%O2%to%breath%% Outer%membrane% Occurs%in%leaves%% Inner%membrane% –%they%are%flat%for%maximum%% Lamella% %%%light%exposure% Stroma% Thylakoid% Granum% Lumen% Factors%that%affect%photosynthesis:% Light%Intensity% • Temperature% • Increase%in%reactants% WWW.LEARNCOACH.CO.NZ VIDEO SUMMARIES: CELLS Defini2on The%spread%of%par2cles%in%random%mo2on% Diffusion from%high%concentra2ons%to%low% concentra2ons%%(un2l%concentra2ons%are% equal) Osmosis The%movement%of%water from%an%area%of% high%concentra2on%to%low%concentra2on% through%a%semi 0permeable membrane% un2l%concentra2ons%are%equal Ac2ve%Transport The%movement%of%ions/molecules across%a% cell%membrane%to%a%region%of%high% concentra2on.%Uses%ATP%(energy)%and% needs%enzyme%help More%blood% vessels%in% Mitochondria% areas%of%high% need% Maximum% surface% Waste% area% products%and% Diffusion% Carbon%Dioxide % Nutrients%(food)% and%Oxygen% MOVEMENT' What%you%need%to%know:% Purpose Animal%e.g. Plant e.g. balance%gas% concentra2ons CO 2 in%blood% diffuses%to%the% lungs CO 2 diffuses%from% the%atmosphere% to%the%cells%in%the% leaf balance% concentra2ons Water in%body% being%absorbed% in%the%gut Water%being% absorbed%into% roots%in%a%tree allow%a%cell%to% maintain%and% regulate%its% internal%func2on Sodium potassium% pump GeLng%minerals% in%to%roots STRUCTURE'OF'CELLS' What%you%need%to%know:% Cells%with%most% chloroplasts% Waxy% Layer% Epidermis% (transparent)% Flat%Thylakoid% Stack%% Cells%more% spread%out% Waxy%Layer% Guard%Cells% WWW.LEARNCOACH.CO.NZ VIDEO SUMMARIES: CELLS CELLULAR'REPODUCTION' What%you%need%to%know:% • • • • • • • Semi2conserva7ve% Enzymes%work%3’%!%5’% Helicase%unzips%DNA% DNA%polymerase%makes% new%strand% Leading%strand:% DNA%polymerase%follow% helicase%3’%!%5’% Lagging%strand:% DNA%polymerase%doesn’t% follow%helicase%3’%!%5’% Okazaki%fragments% CELLULAR'REPODUCTION' What%you%need%to%know:% The%purpose%of%cellular%reproduc6on%is%to%create%two%complete%sets%of%%DNA% Mitosis' Meiosis' Purpose:%Growth%and%Repair Purpose:%Sexual%reproduc6on%and%varia6on One%cell%splits%to%two%iden6cal% daughter%cells One%cell%goes%to%4%different%cells%each%with% half%the%no%of%chromosomes% Factors'that'affect'DNA'replica;on:' pH% Conc.%of%enzymes% Temperature% % Loca;ons:' Body:%%%%%%%%%Hair% %%%%%%%%%%%%Bone%Marrow% % Injuries% Co@factors/Co@enzymes% Plants:%Shoots% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%Roots% WWW.LEARNCOACH.CO.NZ