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Earthquakes Learning Guide epicenter surface waves P & S waves P wave S wave focus Convergent boundary Divergent boundaries Transform boundary Oceanic crust Lithosphere Convergent boundary Continental crust magma Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning Table of Contents Lesson 1 - How an Earthquake Occurs .................................................................................... 2 Lesson 2 - Types of Stress in Crustal Rock............................................................................... 3 Pause & Review - Types of Stress ............................................................................................. 4 Lesson 3 - Faults in the Earth's Crust ....................................................................................... 5 Pause & Review - Types of Faults ............................................................................................. 7 Lesson 4 - How Earth's Surface Changes ................................................................................ 8 Pause & Review - How Earth's Surface Changes ................................................................. 10 Lesson 5 - Seismic Waves ..........................................................................................................11 Lesson 6 - Measuring Earthquakes ......................................................................................... 13 Pause & Review - Measuring Earthquakes ........................................................................... 15 Lesson 7 - Earthquake Safety................................................................................................... 16 Lab Investigation - Determining Magnitude ........................................................................ 17 Key Vocabulary Terms .............................................................................................................. 22 Vocabulary Review ................................................................................................................... 25 Assessment Review .................................................................................................................. 28 Assessment................................................................................................................................. 30 Assessment Key......................................................................................................................... 32 NGSS Correlations .................................................................................................................... 33 Phone: 800-507-0966 Fax: 800-507-0967 www.newpathlearning.com NewPath Learning® Products are developed by teachers using research-based principles and are classroom tested. The company’s product line consists of an array of proprietary curriculum review games, workbooks, charts, posters, visual learning guides, interactive whiteboard software and other teaching resources. All products are supplemented with web-based activities, assessments and content to provide an engaging means of educating students on key, curriculum-based topics correlated to applicable state and national education standards. Copyright © MMXIII NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-63212-045-8 Printed in the United States of America. 1 Lesson 1 How an Earthquake Occurs Rock Experiences Stress & Releases Energy The Earth’s tectonic plates are in motion. This movement creates forces called stress that push and pull the rock within the Earth’s crust. tectonic plate crust mantle Stress can cause rock to break and release stored energy in the form of seismic waves. These waves travel through the Earth and an earthquake occurs. seismic waves epicenter epicenter Earthquake epicenter/focus focus focus Earthquake Focus and Epicenter aftershocks The point where the rock first breaks is called the focus of an earthquake. The point directly above the focus on the Earth’s surface is the epicenter. After an earthquake event, smaller earthquakes called aftershocks often occur near the focus of the original earthquake. 2 © Copyright NewPath Learning epicenter/focus www.newpathlearning.com Lesson 2 Types of Stress in Crustal Rock There are three types of stress that occur in the crustal rock—tension, compression and shearing. Over long periods of geologic time, stress causes the Earth’s surface to slowly change. Tension When two tectonic plates are moving away from each other, tension pulls and stretches rock. Compression When two tectonic plates are pushing toward each other, compression squeezes rock, causing it to fold or break. Shearing Shearing stress occurs when two blocks of rock are pushing in opposite directions. This sliding motion can cause rock to change shape or break. © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 3 Pause and Review Label and describe each type of stress on crustal rock. Type of Stress: _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Type of Stress: _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Type of Stress: _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 4 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com Lesson 3 Faults in the Earth’s Crust What Is a Fault? A fault is a break in the Earth’s surface that is created when crustal rock breaks and the rock surfaces move past each other. Most faults occur along tectonic plate boundaries. Convergent boundary Divergent boundaries Transform boundary Convergent boundary Oceanic crust Lithosphere Continental crust magma Hanging Wall & Footwall When a fault forms, the block of rock that is above the fault line is called the hanging wall and the block below is called the footwall. Normal Fault Normal fault A normal fault is formed when tension causes the blocks of earth to pull apart and the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall. foot wall foot below fault wall below fault © Copyright NewPath Learning Normal above fault above fault hanging hanging wallwall foot wall below fault www.newpathlearning.com 5 Faults in the Earth’s Crust Reverse Fault Reverse fault Reverse fault A reverse fault is formed when compression pushes the blocks of earth against each other and the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall. footfoot wall wall hanging hanging wallwall foot wall Strike-Slip Fault A strike-slip fault is formed when blocks of rock slide past each other and experience shearing stress. This type of fault is usually found at tectonic plate transform boundaries. San Andreas fault Strike-slip fault earthquake damage along the fault line 6 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com S Pause and Review Identify each type fault and indicate what type of stress is occurring. hanging hanging wall wall footwall footwall Fault: __________________________________ Stress: __________________________________ hanging hanging wall wall footwall footwall Fault: __________________________________ Stress: __________________________________ Fault: __________________________________ Stress: __________________________________ © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 7 Lesson 4 How Earth’s Surface Changes Folding Rock When two plates are pushing against each other, rock can fold due to compression. An anticline is an upward fold that forms arches. A syncline is a downward fold that forms valleys. arch anticline anticline valley syncline syncline Stretching Rock Divergent plates often cause the formation of two normal faults in a block of rock. The downward movement of the hanging walls causes the rock in-between to move upward. This stretching of the crust forms fault-block mountains. fault-block mountains fault-block mountains The Wasatch mountains in Utah are fault-block mountains. hanging walls hanging walls 8 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com Uplifting Rock Large areas of flat land and rock called plateaus are uplifted by plate movements that create stress in the crust. plateau plateau plateau The Colorado Plateau is an example of uplift, elevated high above sea level. © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 9 Pause and Review Sketch and describe how each type of geologic structure is formed. Fault block mountains: _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Plateau: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 10 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com Lesson 5 Seismic Waves What Is a Seismic Wave? When crustal rock breaks, stored energy is released in a single, massive event called an earthquake. The vibrations that travel through the EarthCrust are called seismic waves. Types of Seismic Waves A seismograph detects and Lithosphere measures three types of seismic waves. P waves and S waves travel from the focus of an earthquake through the Earth’s interior. When the energy reaches the surface of the crust, surface waves are created. seismic waves epicenter surface waves crust P & S waves focus P Waves P waves, or primary seismic waves, are the fastest moving waves. They travel through solids, liquids and gases. The pulsing of P-waves causes rock to move back and forth, first compressing and then stretching the rock. direction of waves © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 11 Seismic Waves S Waves S waves, or secondary waves, are slower than P waves and can travel through solids, but not liquids. S waves move in an S pattern, creating shear stresses that cause the crust to move from side to side and up and down. direction waves direction ofofwaves Surface Waves The slowest and most destructive seismic waves are called surface waves. One type of surface wave travels in a circular motion, moving the surface up and down. Another type causes back and forth motion. direction waves direction ofofwaves 12 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com Lesson 6 Measuring Earthquakes wire Seismographs weight Seismographs are machines that detect and measure seismic waves caused by earthquakes. rotating drum seismic waves pen frame base attached to ground detected and recorded on seismogram Earth movements shake the base Time minutes S wave A seismogram is the tracing of an earthquake's motion. The arrival time and magnitude of each type of seismic wave is recorded in a seismogram. magnitude P wave arrival time S-P interval Surface wave Distance to Epicenter Seismologists use the P and S wave arrival times to calculate the distance between the location of the seismograph and an earthquake's epicenter. The more time that passes between the arrival of the waves, the greater the distance from the epicenter. P wave S wave arrival arrival P wave arrival S wave arrival epicenter Epicenter Location Readings from three different seismograms are needed to determine the epicenter of an earthquake. Circles are drawn indicating epicenter distances. The intersection of these circles is the location of the epicenter. © Copyright NewPath Learning P wave arrival S wave arrival www.newpathlearning.com 13 Measuring Earthquakes Richter Scale The strength of an earthquake is recorded on a scale of 1 through 10, where 1 is the weakest and 10 is the strongest. This is called the Richter scale and was developed in 1935. The Richter scale is logarithmic, not linear. The amplitude of waves on a seismogram is 100 times greater in a magnitude 7 earthquake as compared to a magnitude 5 earthquake. The amount of energy released between each level on the scale increases at an even greater rate. 7 - major damage Richter Scale Earthquake strength 10 5 - minor damage 9 Great 8 Major 7 Strong 6 Moderate 5 Light 4 Minor 3 Insignificant 2 1 XII The Mercalli scale is used to measure an earthquake's intensity as it relates to the amount of damage the earthquake causes. Locations closer to the epicenter typically have a higher score on the Mercalli scale. XI X IX VIII VII VI V Earthquake damage caused Major destruction over large areas possible. Waves over Earth’s surface visible to the eye. Serious damage over large areas possible. Bridges and buildings destroyed. Buildings and roads damaged. Cracks in the Earth visible. Catastrophic Great Major Strong Damage to poorly built structures. Affects areas up to 100 km across. Moves furniture. Walls and ceilings crack. Slight damage to small areas. Small objects fall and windows may break. Can be felt but little damage. IV Local vibrations felt. Little or no damage. III Hanging objects sway. Vibrations recorded but not usually felt. II Only detected by seismograph. I 14 Weakest 0 Mercalli Scale (modified) Mercalli Scale Catastrophic Strongest Moderate Light Minor Insignificant Only detected by seismograph. © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com Pause and Review Label and describe the three types of seismic waves on this seismogram. Time amplitude (mm) minutes Type of Seismic Wave: ___________________ Description: ____________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Type of Seismic Wave: ___________________ Description: ____________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Type of Seismic Wave: ___________________ Description: ____________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 15 Lesson Tsunami 7 Earthquake Safety Landslide Ocean floor Potential Earthquake Destruction The length and intensity of an earthquake determine the amount of destruction it can cause. Earthquake Landslides, tsunamis and shifting ground caused by strong earthquakes can result in significant damage to buildings, highways and city infrastructures. Tsunami waves increase in height near shore Earthquake Landslide Ocean floor Earthquake Earthquake Risk of Earthquake Scientists predict the risk of future earthquakes by studying the locations of faults and analyzing the information from past earthquakes. Some places such as the western coast of the United States are at higher risk for earthquake activity than other locations. Earthquake Hazard Levels highest ast st Co e W lowest Earthquakes Magnitude ≥6.5 since1978 (data USGS) 16 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com Safer Buildings in Earthquake Zones Buildings in earthquake-prone locations are constructed to better withstand the motion caused by seismic waves. Steel cross braces, flexible pipes, and shock absorbers are some of Mass damper - attached to the roof - weight can the technologies being used. be shifted to counteract building’s movement Metal brackets and plywood used to secure chimney Cross braces for additional support Metal connectors reinforce house frame No heavy items on walls, bed away from windows Walls reinforced with plywood panels House bolted to foundation lead core rubber & steel Base isolators absorb seismic waves so they don’t travel through building Water heater strapped to wall Active tendon system large weight can be shifted to counteract ground movement Individual Safety During an Earthquake If an earthquake occurs and you are inside a building, crouch under a table or doorway away from outer walls, and cover your head and neck. If you are outside, go to an open area that is away from power lines and buildings, and lie face down. inside a building © Copyright NewPath Learning inside a building inside a building outside www.newpathlearning.com outside outside 17 Lab Investigation - Determining Magnitude Seismologists gather information and study data to learn more about earthquakes. You will study a simulated earthquake and use the data to determine the epicenter and magnitude of the quake. Observations & Data Collection 1. Study the seismograms. Determine the S-P interval for each seismogram. Add the data to the data table. Los Angeles L 300 250 200 P 150 S P 100 50 Amplitude 0 (millimeters) 50 100 150 200 250 de ers) Mag 7) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 300 0 10 20 30 40 Time (seconds) ag 7) ag 7) T Las Vegas R 300 250 200 P 150 S P 100 50 plitude meters) Amplitude 0 (millimeters) 50 100 150 200 250 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 300 Time (seconds) 18 © Copyright NewPath Learning 0 10 20 30 40 Ti www.newpathlearning.com Roseburg 300 250 200 P 150 S 100 50 plitude imeters) Amplitude 0 (millimeters) 50 100 150 200 250 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 300 110 Time (seconds) City S-P interval (sec) Use the interval times and this graph to determine the epicenter distance for each location. Add the distances to the data table. Epicenter distance (km) Amplitude (mm) 80 Time (seconds) 70 60 50 40 30 20 S-P interval 10 100 © Copyright NewPath Learning 200 300 400 500 600 700 Distance (kilometers) www.newpathlearning.com 800 19 Lo L Lab Investigation - Earthquake Magnitude 2. This image shows you an epicenter distance circle for each location. Identify the earthquake’s epicenter by locating the intersection of the three circles. Mark it on the map. WASHINGTON OREGON Roseburg IDAHO NEVADA UTAH CALIFORNIA Las Vegas Los Angeles ARIZONA Richter Nomogram 3. To measure the magnitude, or strength of an earthquake, you must determine the amplitude of the highest S wave. Measure the amplitude on the seismograms from each location. Add the information to the data table. The amplitude and epicenter distance data are used on a Richter Nomogram to identify the magnitude of the earthquake. Plot your data on the nomogram by placing a dot on the distance and amplitude lines for Los Angeles. Then draw a line to connect the dots. Plot the data for Las Vegas and Roseburg the same way. (Hint - use different colors for S-P interval each location.) The intersection of the three lines on the magnitude axis tells you the Richter scale magnitude of this earthquake. 200 800 700 600 500 8.0 200 7.0 500 400 300 200 100 50 6.0 20 5.0 10 5 4.0 2 100 3.0 0.5 60 40 1 2.0 0.2 30 1.0 0.1 20 Distance Magnitude Amplitude (kilometers) (millimeters) Distance (kilometers) 20 © Copyright NewPath Learning Los Angeles (S-Pwww.newpathlearning.com 46 sec, Amp 280 mm, Dist 450 km, Mag 7) 300 400 500 600 700 800 Las Vegas (S-P 61 sec, Amp 90 mm, Dist 600 km, Mag 7) Conclude & Apply 1. What is the relationship between the S-P interval and the epicenter distance? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Looking at the data you collected, which city was the closest to the epicenter of the simulated earthquake? ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What information/data do you need to identify the location of the epicenter of an earthquake? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What information/data do you need to determine the magnitude of an earthquake? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 5. This simulation occurred at a location that has high seismic activity. Describe the real-life tectonic plate activity at this location. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 21 Key Vocabulary Terms anticline fault the upward folding of rock that forms arches a surface or plane on which rock breaks fault line fault line aftershocks smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake and occur near the focus of the original earthquake aftershocks focus compression footwall stress created when two tectonic plates are pushing against each other causing rock to fold or break a block of rock below a fault fault fault earthquake a single massive event of energy released from breaking crustal rock; the energy travels through the Earth in seismic waves focus seismic waves seismic waves epicenter the point in the Earth’s crust where an earthquake originates hanging wall the point on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus of an earthquake 22 fault-block mountain a mountain that is formed when the rock between two normal faults is pushed upward due to stretching a block of rock above a fault fault © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com Mercalli scale the scale used to measure an earthquake’s intensity relative to the amount of damage it causes Mercalli Scale (modified) Earthquake damage caused Major destruction over large areas possible. Waves over Earth’s surface visible to the eye. Catastrophic Serious damage over large areas possible. Bridges, buildings destroyed. Great Buildings and roads damaged, cracks in the Earth visible. Major Damage to poorly built structures. Affects areas up to 100 km across. Strong Moves furniture, cracks in walls and ceilings. Slight damage to small areas. Moderate May cause small objects to fall, break windows. Can be felt but little damage. Light Local vibrations felt, little or no damage. Minor III Hanging objects may sway. Vibrations recorded but not usually felt. Insignificant II Only detected by seismograph. XII XI X IX VIII VII VI V IV I Only detected by seismograph. normal fault a fault on which the hanging wall has moved downward footwall relative to the footwall hanging wall primary waves a fault on which the footwall moves downward relative to the hanging wall footwall seismic waves energy waves released by an earthquake that travel through the Earth seismogram the first energy waves released by an earthquake that have a pulsing effect; also called P-waves direction of waves reverse fault secondary waves the second energy waves released by an earthquake that move in an S pattern; also called S-waves direction of waves the record of the arrival of seismic waves at a seismograph hanging wall Richter scale the scale used by geologists to describe the relative strength of an earthquake with 1 being the weakest and 10 the strongest © Copyright NewPath Learning seismograph a machine that measures the strength and arrival times of seismic waves from an earthquake shearing stress created when two tectonic plates push in opposite directions causing rock to slide or break www.newpathlearning.com 23 Key Vocabulary Terms stress the amount of force per unit area that is pushing or pulling on rocks strike-slip fault a fault that forms when rocks slide past each other and experience shearing stress; usually found at a transform tectonic plate boundaries surface waves seismic waves that travel along the surface of the Earth’s crust in a circular motion direction of waves syncline the downward folding of rock that forms a valley tension stress created when two tectonic plates are moving apart causing rock to pull and stretch 24 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com Vocabulary Review anticline ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ aftershocks _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ compression ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ earthquake _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ epicenter____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ fault _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ fault-block mountain _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ footwall ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ focus _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ hanging wall ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 25 Vocabulary Review Mercalli scale________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ normal fault_________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ primary waves ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ reverse fault_________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Richter scale ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ secondary waves_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ seismic waves _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ seismogram _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ seismograph ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ shearing ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 26 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com stress ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ strike-slip fault ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ surface waves _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ syncline ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ tension _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 27 Assessment Review 1. Describe an earthquake using the words stress, energy, seismic waves, focus and epicenter. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Draw three simple illustrations of tension, compression and shearing. 3. Complete the table below. Type of Fault Hanging wall movement Footwall movement Type of stress normal reverse strike-slip 28 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 4. How do fault-block mountains form? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Describe each type of seismic wave. P wave: ________________________________________________________________________ S wave: ________________________________________________________________________ Surface wave: ___________________________________________________________________ 6. What do seismographs measure? ________________________________________________________________________________ 7. The S-P interval is the amount of time between the arrival of the P waves and the arrival of the S waves. How does the S-P interval relate to the distance between a seismograph station and the epicenter of an earthquake? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Compare and contrast the Richter scale and the Mercalli scale. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Name three technologies that are used to make buildings safer during earthquakes. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 10. What should you if an earthquake occurs and you are inside a building? ________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 29 Assessment 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 30 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 9 13 10 14 11 15 12 16 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 31 Assessment Key 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. False 15. A - aftershocks, B - fault, C - epicenter 16. A - P-wave, B - surface wave, C - S-wave 32 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com scales. PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION MS-ESS2-6. Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates. NGSS Correlations STRAND NGSS.MS-ESS. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE TITLE PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION MS-ESS3. MS-ESS2-2. Earth and Human Activity - Students who demonstrate understanding Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience can: processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial Crosscutting Concepts scales. MS-ESS3.CC. Middle School (Grades 6, 7, 8) Stability and Develop and Change use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of ELEMENT MS-ESS3.CC.3. PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION MS-ESS2-6. States: Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Comprehensive) the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that Stability might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes INDICATOR MS-ESS3.CC.3.1. determine regional climates. that accumulate over time. (MS-ESS3-5) Earthquakes EARTH AND Lesson SPACE SCIENCE STRAND NGSS.MS-ESS.Multimedia PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION Grade: 8 - Adopted 2013 TITLE STRAND MS-ESS3. NGSS.MS-ESS. TITLE PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION MS-ESS2. MS-ESS3.CC. PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION ELEMENT MS-ESS2-2. MS-ESS3.CC.3. Earth and Human Activity - Students who demonstrate understanding EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE can: Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Crosscutting Concepts PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION Constructand an Change explanation based on evidence for how geoscience Stability processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial Stability MS-ESS3.CC.3.1. scales. might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes that accumulate over time. (MS-ESS3-5) Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of MS-ESS2-6. Grade: 8 - Adopted 2013 cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that the Earth determine regional climates. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE NGSS.MS-ESS. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE NGSS.MS-ESS. Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can: MS-ESS2. Earth and Human Activity - Students who demonstrate understanding MS-ESS3. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience MS-ESS2-2. can: processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial Crosscutting Concepts MS-ESS3.CC. scales. ELEMENT PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION MS-ESS3.CC.3. MS-ESS2-6. INDICATOR MS-ESS3.CC.3.1. STRAND NGSS.MS-ESS. TITLE STRAND MS-ESS3. NGSS.HS-ESS. INDICATOR PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION STRAND STRAND TITLE TITLE PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION Stability and Develop and Change use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that Stability might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes determine regional climates. that accumulate over time. (MS-ESS3-5) EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE Grade: 9 - Adopted 2013 Earth and Human Activity - Students who demonstrate understanding EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE can: Earth’s PlaceConcepts in the Universe - Students who demonstrate understanding HS-ESS1. Crosscutting MS-ESS3.CC. can: Stability and Change MS-ESS3.CC.3. Disciplinary Core Ideas HS-ESS1.DCI. Stability might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes MS-ESS3.CC.3.1. Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions ESS2.B: that accumulate over time. (MS-ESS3-5) Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current ESS2.B:1. Grade: 9 - Adopted 2013 movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE NGSS.HS-ESS. understanding its geologic history. (ESS2.B Grade 8 GBE) (secondary to HS-ESS1-5) Earth’s Place in the Universe - Students who demonstrate understanding HS-ESS1. High School (Grade 9) States: Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Comprehensive) Earthquakes Multimedia Lesson INDICATOR TITLE PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION ELEMENT PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION INDICATOR ELEMENT STRAND TITLE STRAND PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION TITLE ELEMENT PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION INDICATOR NGSS.HS-ESS. HS-ESS1.DCI. HS-ESS2. ESS2.B: HS-ESS2-1. ESS2.B:1. can: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE Disciplinary Core Ideas Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface processes operate at different spatial andtheory temporal to the formpast continental and Plate tectonics is the unifying that scales explains and current ocean-floor features. movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for understanding its geologic history. (ESS2.B Grade 8 GBE) (secondary to EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE HS-ESS1-5) Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE Disciplinary Core Ideas Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Earth Materials and Systems Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface processes operate at different spatial and temporal scales to form continental and ocean-floor features. STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS. TITLE STRAND PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION TITLE ELEMENT PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION HS-ESS2. NGSS.HS-ESS. HS-ESS2.DCI. HS-ESS2. ESS2.A: HS-ESS2-1. STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE TITLE HS-ESS2. Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can: PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION HS-ESS2.DCI. Disciplinary Core Ideas ELEMENT ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems INDICATOR ESS2.A:2. Evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle and crust. Motions of the mantle and its plates occur primarily through thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the outward flow of energy from Earth’s interior and gravitational movement of denser materials toward the interior. (HS-ESS2-3) STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE HS-ESS2. Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can: PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION HS-ESS2.DCI. Disciplinary Core Ideas ELEMENT ESS2.B: Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions TITLE © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com 33 INDICATOR Evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle and crust. Motions of the mantle and its plates occur primarily through thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the outward flow of energy from Earth’s interior and gravitational movement of denser materials toward the interior. (HS-ESS2-3) ESS2.A:2. NGSS Correlations High School (Grade 9) continued STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE TITLE HS-ESS2. Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can: PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION HS-ESS2.DCI. Disciplinary Core Ideas ELEMENT ESS2.B: Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions INDICATOR ESS2.B:1. The radioactive decay of unstable isotopes continually generates new energy within Earth’s crust and mantle, providing the primary source of the heat that drives mantle convection. Plate tectonics can be viewed as the surface expression of mantle convection. (HS-ESS2-3) INDICATOR ESS2.B:2. Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for understanding its geologic history. Plate movements are responsible for most continental and ocean-floor features and for the distribution of most rocks and minerals within Earth’s crust. (ESS2.B Grade 8 GBE) (HSESS2-1) STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE TITLE HS-ESS2. Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can: PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION HS-ESS2.DCI. Disciplinary Core Ideas ELEMENT PS4.A: Wave Properties INDICATOR PS4.A:1. Geologists use seismic waves and their reflection at interfaces between layers to probe structures deep in the planet. (secondary to HS-ESS2-3) STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE TITLE HS-ESS3. PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION HS-ESS3.DCI. Earth and Human Activity - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Disciplinary Core Ideas ELEMENT ESS3.B: Natural Hazards INDICATOR ESS3.B:1. Natural hazards and other geologic events have shaped the course of human history; [they] have significantly altered the sizes of human populations and have driven human migrations. (HS-ESS3-1) Earth's Climate Multimedia Lesson (19) Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Comprehensive) Science Grade: 6 - Adopted 2013 STRAND NGSS.MS-LS. LIFE SCIENCE TITLE MS-LS2. PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION MS-LS2-4. Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations. 34 © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com NOTES –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– NOTES –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Earthquakes Learning Guide About the Learning Guide Series... Each comprehensive student learning guide listed below, includes self-directed readings, easy-to-follow illustrated explanations, guiding questions, inquiry-based activities, a lab investigation, key vocabulary review and assessment review questions, along with a post-test. Titles in the Series Include: Life Science: 1. All About Cells 2. Osmosis and Diffusion: Cell Transport 3. Mitosis: Cell Growth and Division 4. Photosynthesis and Respiration 5. Six Kingdoms of Life 6. Protists: Pond Microlife 7. Food Chains and Webs 8.Meiosis 9. Chromosomes, Genes and DNA 10.Genetics: The Study of Heredity Human Biology: 1. 2. 3. Moving and Controlling the Body Providing Fuel and Protection Maintaining Life – Protection, Reproduction & Cooperation Earth Science: 1. Our Solar System 2. The Sun-Earth-Moon System 3. Plate Tectonics 4.Earthquakes 5. Earth’s Atmosphere and Weather 6. Earth’s Climate 7.Minerals 8.Rocks 9.Volcanoes 10.Earth’s Surface Physical Science: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Properties and States of Matter Atoms and Chemical Bonding Elements and the Periodic Table Chemical Reactions Forces and Motion Electricity and Magnetism Energy: Forms and Changes 8. Work, Power and Simple Machines 9. All About Sound 10.All About Light \|xiBAHBDy01964qzZ Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning 14-6824