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Back Print Name Class Date Assessment Chapter Test The Theory of Evolution In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. ______ 1. The evolution of beak sizes in Galápagos finches is a response to a. how finches use their beaks. b. the types of seeds available. c. whether the populations interbreed. d. the nutritional content of the seeds. ______ 2. According to Darwin, evolution occurs a. in response to use or disuse of a characteristic. b. by punctuated equilibrium. c. by natural selection. d. within an individual’s lifetime. ______ 3. The hypothesis that evolution occurs at a rapid rate, separated by periods of no change, a. was supported by Darwin. b. is known as punctuated equilibrium. c. is supported by many transitional forms in the fossil record. d. was proposed by Lyell. ______ 4. The traits of individuals best adapted to survive become more common in each new generation because a. offspring without those traits do not survive. b. the alleles responsible for those traits increase through natural selection. c. those individuals do not breed. d. natural selection does not affect well-adapted individuals. ______ 5. Natural selection causes a. changes in the environment. b. plants and animals to produce more offspring than can survive. c. changes in the frequency of certain alleles in a population. d. All of the above ______ 6. In the study of the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, scientists have learned that a. the bacteria have become more sensitive to antibiotics due to evolution. b. patients are allergic to antibiotic treatment. c. the bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics due to natural selection. d. patients frequently die from the antibiotic treatment. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Biology 31 The Theory of Evolution Back Print Name Class Date Chapter Test continued ______ 7. That organisms produce more offspring than their environment can support and that they compete with one another to survive are a. elements of natural selection. b. not elements of evolution. c. the only mechanisms of evolution. d. the beginning of speciation. ______ 8. Natural selection is the process by which a. the age of Earth is calculated. b. organisms with traits well suited to the environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than other organisms. c. acquired traits are passed from one generation to the next. d. All of the above ______ 9. The theory of evolution predicts that a. closely related species will show similarities in nucleotide sequences. b. if species have changed over time, their genes should have changed. c. closely related species will show similarities in amino acid sequences. d. All of the above Questions 10–12 refer to the figures below. Penguin Bat A B Alligator Human D C ______10. The bones labeled A–D are known as a. vestigial structures. c. homologous structures. b. divergent structures. d. embryonic structures. ______11. The similarity of these structures suggests that the organisms a. have a common ancestor. c. evolved slowly. b. all grow at different rates. d. live for a long time. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Biology 32 The Theory of Evolution Back Print Name Class Date Chapter Test continued ______12. An analysis of the DNA from these organisms would indicate that a. their DNA is identical. b. they all have pharyngeal pouches. c. their nucleotide sequences show many similarities. d. they all have the same number of chromosomes. ______13. Strong evidence for evolution comes from a. forensic biology. b. phylogenetic trees. c. works of philosophy. d. the fossil record ______14. Structures that are present in an organism but are reduced in size and have little or no function are called a. pharyngeal pouches. b. vestigial structures. c. convergent structures. d. embryological homologies. ______15. Darwin theorized that natural selection is a. the mechanism of evolution. b. how modern species have come to exist. c. the explanation for beak variation in finches. d. All of the above In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. ______16. evolution a. The number of individuals who possess favorable characteristics will increase in a population. ______ 17. population increase b. Species change in spurts with vast amounts of time between changes. ______18. natural selection ______19. gradualism c. Species change over time—descent with modification. ______20. punctuated equilibrium d. Human populations do not grow unchecked because of disease, war, and famine. e. Species change slowly and constantly. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Biology 33 The Theory of Evolution Back Print TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE Critical Thinking 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. b a d c b g h c a e 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 25. Scientists now know that genetics is the basis of inherited traits. Individuals with favorable traits become more common in a population because natural selection causes the frequency of certain alleles in a population to increase or decrease over time. f d c, f h, a b, g d, e d c c Quiz SECTION: THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION Test Prep Pretest 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. b d b a a d c b c d extinct Lamarck’s adaptation population isolation amino acid, nucleotide homologous traits gradualism vestigial evolution, gradual or slow divergence Lamarck thought that evolution occurred as structures developed through use or disappeared because of lack of use. He thought that these acquired characteristics could be passed on to offspring. 24. Malthus stated that the human population had the potential to increase much faster than the food supply but did not do so because of disease, war, and famine. Darwin realized that Malthus’s principles of population applied not only to humans but also to all species, and Darwin took this into consideration when he developed his theory of evolution by natural selection. d a c b c 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. c e b d a SECTION: EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. c a d b b 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. d a e b c SECTION: EXAMPLES OF EVOLUTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b b a c b 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. a b a a b Chapter Test (General) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. b c b b c c a b d c 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. a c d b d c d a e b Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Biology 73 The Theory of Evolution