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Name:___________________________________________________________________ Period:____ DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis Study Guide 1. Fill in the following chart to reflect the history of DNA discoveries Scientist Fredrick Griffith Their ideas / experiment Transformation occurs when proteins changes the non-pathogenic smooth bacteria into pathogenic rough bacteria. HINT: He is wrong here and Avery corrects his error about which macromolecule makes transformation possible. Oswald Avery Hershey and Chase Re-creates Griffith’s experiment shows that transformation occurs when DNA changes the non-pathogenic smooth bacteria into pathogenic rough bacteria. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that helped to confirm that DNA is genetic material. Many scientists still assumed at the time that proteins carried the information for inheritance because DNA appeared simpler than proteins. Showed that when bacteriophages, which are composed of DNA and protein, infect bacteria, their DNA enters the host bacterial cell, but most of their protein does not. Way to Remember what they did Erwin Chargaff Watson and Crick Creates the base paring rule to show that A bases = T bases and C bases = G bases in a given section of DNA Along with Franklin come up with the structure of DNA and show is structure is a Double Helix We love DNA made of nucleotides sugar phosphate and a base bound down one side Adenine and Thymine make a lovely pair Cytosine without Guanine would be so bare. 2. Define and give examples where appropriate. Term Definition Nucleotide Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate grp. & a nitrogenous base Replication Fork a Y-shaped part of a chromosome that is the site for DNA strand separation and then duplication Deoxyribose sugar used for DNA Ribose Sugar used for RNA Hydrogen Bond A bond that connects the DNA strings together DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Pyrimidines One ringed structure (Cytosine & Thymine) Purine Two-ringed structure (Adenine & Guanine) Base Pairing A-T; G-C Chromatin Granular material visible within the nucleus: Consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins Double Helix The shape of DNA Histone Protein molecule around which the DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin Nitrogen Base Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil Guanine Nitrogen base that pairs with Cytosine Cytosine Nitrogen base that pairs with Guanine Adenine Nitrogen base that pairs with Thymine and Uracil (only in RNA) Thymine Nitrogen base that pairs with Adenine Uracil Nitrogen base that pair with Adenine in RNA Replication Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA DNA Polymerase Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule Nucleosome Beadlike structure formed by DNA and histone molecules Phosphate Part of a nucleotide Complementary The strand of DNA that is created by DNA Polymerase from the instruction on the original DNA strand RNA Ribose Nucleic Acid mRNA Messenger RNA (carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell tRNA Transfer RNA (transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis) rRNA Ribosomal RNA (makes up the major part of ribosomes) Gene Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait Cytoplasm Material inside a cell membrane not including the nucleus Nucleus Brain of the cell; contains a cell’s genetic material Transcription Part of the nucleotide sequence of the DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA Translation Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain RNA Polymerase Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands into transcription Codon Three-nucleotide sequence on a messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid Anticodon Group od three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon Stop Codon Codon that has a sequence that stops the process Methionine Start codon AUG (codon) Methionine Mutation Change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information Ribosome Small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled Fill in the blanks / list the following information / complete the chart about DNA and RNA. 3. Watson____ & ___Crick____ discovered the structure of DNA. 4. List the 4 Bases of DNA ____________Adenine_______________ ___________Thymine________________ __________ Cytosine_ ___________Guanine________________ ___________ 5. ____Adenine_____& _____Guanine______are purines and____Thymine___ &____Cytosine___are pyrimidines. 6. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide ______________Sugar_______________ _________Nitrogen Base _____________ _________Phosphate group___________ 7. A___________double helix______describes the shape of the DNA molecule. 8. Each rung of the DNA ladder consists of a pair of Nitrogen bases. 9. Replication is the process of DNA copying itself, & Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. 10. Nucleic Acid DNA mRNA Shape Double Helix Single Helix Nitrogen Bases A, T, C, G A, U, C, G tRNA Clover leaf A, U, C, G Location in Cell Nucleus Nucleus and cytoplasm cytoplasm Function Holds genetic code Carries genetic code for protein Synthesis Choses AA and reads mRNA 11. What is a codon? What is each a code for? A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. They code for a single specific Amino Acid (AA). 12. What takes place during transcription? Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. The two can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, RNA strand. Transcription proceeds in the following general steps: 1. RNA polymerase allows RNA to start to bind to DNA. 2. RNA polymerase creates a transcription bubble, which separates the two strands of the DNA helix. This is done by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA nucleotides. 3. RNA polymerase adds matching RNA nucleotides to the complementary nucleotides of one DNA strand. 4. RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms with assistance from RNA polymerase to form an RNA strand. 5. Hydrogen bonds of the untwisted RNA-DNA helix break, freeing the newly synthesized RNA strand. 6. The RNA may remain in the nucleus or exit to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores. The stretch of DNA transcribed into an RNA molecule is called a transcription unit and encodes at least one gene. If the gene transcribed encodes a protein, messenger RNA (mRNA) will be transcribed; the mRNA will in turn serve as a template for the protein's synthesis through translation. Alternatively, the transcribed gene may encode for either non-coding RNA (such as microRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), or other enzymatic RNA molecules called ribozymes. Overall, RNA helps synthesize, regulate, and process proteins; it therefore plays a fundamental role in performing functions within a cell. 13. Methionine is the amino acid (AA) that begins all protein chains; the codon for this AA is AUG. 14. What takes place during translation? 15. Three bases of tRNA are called a(an) Anticodon. . 16. What is a stop codon? It is a set of 3 bases that do not code to an Amino Acid and therefor end the synthesis of a protein. 17. List the steps of DNA replication. 1. The DNA molecule beings to unwind at one end like a zipper. Done by helicase. 2. The hydrogen bond between the base pairs broken and two complementary strands of DNA separate. 3. The bases along each original strand are now free to accept new complimentary base pairs by hooked up by DNA Polymerase. 4. Each daughter DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand. That is why this replication is called semiconservative. 18. List the steps of protein synthesis. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Copy of one side of DNA strand is made… This is transcription making mRNA mRNA moves to cytoplasm, then is clamped down on by rRNA. mRNA codons go into rRNA3 bases, one codon at a time. Other than AUG they start in the A site. transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodons match up with the open mRNA bases and read them tRNA moves from the A to the P site and in the P site it releases the amino acid at the top, which joins the chain of amino acids being produced. The Amino acids are bonded with a peptide bond. The tRNA then exits through the E site. 19. If a segment of DNA reads ATCAAGCAG, what is the complementary side? T A G T T C G T C 20. If a segment of DNA reads TACCCAATA, what are the codons, anticodons and the AA chain that results? Codon ___ AUG GGU UAU Anticodon UAC CCA AUA ______________ Methionine AA Glycine Tyrosine 21. A Peptide Bond forms between AA’s in the building of a protein. 22. A chain of many AA’s is called a Protein . 23. The genetic code of DNA is carried to the ribosomes by mRNA. 24. The part of tRNA that is the complement of the mRNA codon is the Anticodon . 25. What are 2 uses of proteins in an organism? Proteins: catalyze reactions in our bodies, transport molecules such as oxygen, keep us healthy as part of the immune system and transmit messages from cell to cell 26. Why is DNA replication so necessary to living things? It is nearly perfect so the genetic code is preserved and passed down but not 100% perfect so mutations and evolution can occur. 27. What is produced in: a. replication- 2 DNA strands b. transcription- mRNA c. translation- Proteins Arginine Cysteine Aspartic Acid G A T G T A C G C T A C A C T A A C T T C U A C A U G C G A U G U G A U U G A A U A C G C U A C A C U A Methionine 28. RNA and Protein Synthesis The Structure of RNA 1. List the three main differences between RNA and DNA a. RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. b. RNA is generally single-stranded, instead of double-stranded. c. RNA contains uracil in place of thymine. 2. Is the following sentence true or false? RNA is like a disposable copy of a DNA segment. True 3. What is the importance of the cell’s ability to copy a single DNA sequence into RNA? It makes it possible for a single gene to produce large numbers of RNA molecules Types of RNA 4. What is the job in which most RNA molecules are involved? Translation section of Protein Synthesis. 5. Complete the table about the types of RNA Type Messenger RNA Function Carries copies of the instructions for assembling amino acids from DNA to the rest of the cell Is a ribosome that holds the mRNA. Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome to help assemble proteins Transcription 6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about transcription a. During transcription, DNA polymerase binds to RNA and separates the DNA strands b. RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA c. RNA polymerase binds only to DNA promoters, which have specific base sequences d. Promoters are signals in RNA that indicate to RNA polymerase when to begin transcription 8. RNA editing occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. FALSE 9. What are two explanations for why some RNA molecules are cut and spliced? a. It makes it possible for a single gene to produce several different forms of RNA. b. It may play a role in evolution, making it possible for small changes in DNA to have dramatic effects in gene expression. The Genetic Code 10. Proteins are made by joining __Amino Acids__ into long chains called polypeptides. 11. How can only four bases in RNA carry instructions for 20 different amino acids? The genetic code is read three letters at a time, so that each “word” of the coded message is three bases long. 12. What is a codon? Set of three base pares that codes for a specific Amino Acid. 13. Circle the letter of the number of possible 3 base codons. a. 4 b. 12 c. 64 d. 128 14. All amino acids are specified by only one codon. FALSE 15. Circle the letter of the codon that serves as the “start” codon for protein synthesis. a. UGA b. UAA c. UAG d. AUG Translation 16. What occurs during the process of translation? The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. 17. Where does translation take place? Takes place in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 18. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about translation. a. Before translation can occur, messenger RNA must be transcribed from DNA in the nucleus. b. Translation occurs in the nucleus. c. It is the job of transfer RNA to bring the proper amino acid into the ribosome to be attached to the growing peptide chain. d. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, it releases the newly formed polypeptide and the mRNA molecule. 19. What is an anticodon? The three beses on a tRNA molecule that are complementary of the mRNA codons. The Roles of RNA and DNA Match the roles with the molecules. Molecules may be used more than once. A _______________ B _______________ B _______________ A _______________ 24. Many proteins are Enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions. DNA and Protein Synthesis Study Checklist ___1. Know the scientists that contributed to our understanding of DNA and what each contributed. ___2. Know the structure and components of a nucleotide and be able to label them. ___3. Know how DNA relates to genes and chromosomes. ___4. Know the 4 bases that make up a DNA strand and how they pair up with each other. ___5. Distinguish between a purine and pyrimidine. ___6. Be able to explain why C only pairs with G, and A only pairs with T. ___7. Know the different parts of the double helix and how it relates to a ladder. ___8. Know what type of bond joins the bases in DNA and why that type of bond is important to the structure of the DNA. ___9. Know how the sequence of bases affects the protein that is made. ___10. Know the steps to DNA replication and why it is important in living things. ___11. Know the 2 enzymes used in DNA replication, and the role they play in the process. ___12. Know why the DNA is found in the nucleus. ___13. Know what RNA is and how it relates to DNA. ___14. Know how DNA is different from RNA ___15. Know the 3 types of RNA and what their jobs are and be able to label them. ___16. Know what a codon is and why it is important to the process of protein synthesis. ___17. Know why proteins are made outside of the nucleus and not inside the nucleus. ___18. Know the steps to transcription and translation and how the two processes work together in protein production and where each occurs. ___19. Know what an anti-codon is and how it relates to the tRNA ___20. Be able to determine the mRNA strand and amino acid sequence from a given strand of DNA. ___21. Be able to use the universal codon chart to determine an amino acid strand from a given mRNA strand. ___22. Know the type of bond that holds the amino acids together in a protein.