Download Earth`s Interior

Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
Earth’s Interior
This section explains how scientists learn about Earth’s interior. The section also
describes the layers that make up Earth and explains why Earth acts like a giant magnet.
Before you read the passage for each heading, fill in the top box with what you know.
After you have read the passage, fill in the bottom box with what you have learned.
What You Know
I. Earth’s crust is made of rock.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What You Learned
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exploring Inside Earth
1. What prevents geologists from directly exploring Earth’s interior?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Geologists use direct evidence from __________ to learn about Earth’s
interior.
3. Geologists learn about Earth’s interior using indirect evidence from
________________.
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Plate Tectonics
Use Target Reading Skills
Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
Earth’s Interior (continued)
4. Is the following sentence true or false? Earth looks the same today as it
did millions of years ago. ________________
5. Seismic waves reveal the structure of Earth through their
________________ and ________________.
6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Earth.
a. Indirect evidence of Earth’s interior comes from studying rock
samples.
b. Geologists cannot observe Earth’s interior directly.
c. It is over 6,000 kilometers from the surface to the center of Earth.
d. Geologists learn about Earth’s interior by drilling holes.
7. _________________ waves are produced by earthquakes.
A Journey to the Center of Earth
8. How does the temperature change as you go from the surface toward
the center of Earth? _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. How does pressure change as you go from the surface toward the center
of Earth? ______________________________________________________________
10. The three main layers that make up Earth are the _________________,
_________________, and _________________.
The Crust
11. The _________________ is a layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin.
12. Is the following sentence true or false? The crust is thinnest under high
mountains. _________________
13. The dark-colored rock that makes up most of the oceanic crust is
_________________.
14. The light-colored rock that makes up most of the continental crust is
_________________.
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Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
The Mantle
Match the name of each layer of the mantle with its description.
Description
____ 15. lower mantle
a. Rigid layer that includes the
upper part of the mantle and
the crust
____ 16. lithosphere
____ 17. asthenosphere
b. Solid material beneath the
asthenosphere
c. Soft layer just below the
lithosphere
18. Is the following sentence true or false? The asthenosphere is not
considered solid because it can bend like plastic. _________________
19. Is the following sentence true or false? The mantle is nearly 3,000
kilometers thick. _________________
The Core
20. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Earth’s outer core.
a. It is under low pressure.
b. It is made of solid metal.
c. It contains iron and nickel.
d. It is a solid.
21. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Earth’s inner core.
a. It consists of molten metal.
b. It is a thick liquid.
c. It is not very dense.
d. It is under extreme pressure.
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Plate Tectonics
Layer
Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
Earth’s Interior (continued)
22. In the drawing, label the three main layers of Earth.
a
b
c
23. Describe how a compass needle aligns itself. ________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
24. What creates Earth’s magnetic field? _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Review and Reinforce
Earth’s Interior
Understanding Main Ideas
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
Earth’s layers
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
5. What are two types of evidence geologists use to learn about Earth’s
interior?
6. Compare and contrast the asthenosphere with the lithosphere.
Building Vocabulary
Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct definition on
the line beside the term in the left column.
____
7. basalt
____
8. asthenosphere
a. a rock that makes up much of the ocean
floor
____
9. crust
b. the force pushing on a surface or area
____ 10. outer core
____ 11. lithosphere
____ 12. granite
c. the layer made up of liquid iron and
nickel
d. the uppermost part of the mantle
e. a rock that makes up the core of the
continents
____ 13. pressure
____ 14. seismic wave
f. outer rind of rock
g. a wave produced by an earthquake
h. soft layer of rock in the mantle
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Plate Tectonics
Label the layers of Earth by writing the name of the layer in the blank.
Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
Convection and the Mantle
This section describes how heat is transferred from Earth’s hot core through
the mantle.
As you read about heat transfer, complete the outline to show the relationships
among the headings.
Convection and the Mantle
I.
A.
B. Conduction
C.
II. Convection Currents
III.
Types of Heat Transfer
1. The movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object is called
_________________.
2. List the three types of heat transfer.
a. ___________________ b. ___________________ c. ___________________
3. What is radiation? _______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. What are two forms of radiation? __________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. What is conduction? _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. What is an example of conduction? ________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Plate Tectonics
Use Target Reading Skills
Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
Convection and the Mantle (continued)
7. What is convection? _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. Heat transfer by convection is caused by differences of _______________
and density within a fluid.
9. A measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance is
_________________.
10. Circle the letter of the sentence that describes what happens to a fluid
when its temperature increases.
a. Its particles occupy less space.
b. Its density decreases.
c. Its particles move more slowly.
d. Its particles settle together more closely.
Convection Currents
11. What three factors set convection currents in motion? ________________________
________________________________________________________________________
12. What happens to convection currents when the liquid or gas is no longer
heated? ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
Convection Currents in Earth
13. Complete the graphic organizer to show the relationships among heat,
movement, and density in mantle rock.
Particles occupy c.
Density increases.
Plate Tectonics
Mantle rock a.
Particles move b.
.
.
space.
Mantle
rock rises
Mantle rock d.
Particles move faster.
Particles occupy more space.
.
Mantle rock
is heated
Density e.
.
f. Why is this relationship shown as a cycle? _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
g. In the cycle shown, where would mantle rock be the densest? ______________
_____________________________________________________________________
14. Is the following sentence true or false? The heat source for the
convection currents in the mantle is the sun. _________________
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Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Review and Reinforce
Convection and the Mantle
Understanding Main Ideas
Label each figure by writing the type of heat transfer it shows.
1. _________________
2. _________________
3. _________________
Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
4. What are convection currents and what causes them?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. What causes convection currents in Earth’s mantle?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Building Vocabulary
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words
to make the statement true.
____
6. The transfer of energy through empty space is called convection.
____
7. The movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object
is called heat transfer.
____
8. Conduction is heat transfer by direct contact of particles of
matter.
____
9. Radiation is the transfer of heat by the movement of a heated
fluid.
____ 10. Density is a measure of how much heat there is in a volume of a
substance.
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Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
■
Drifting Continents
This section describes a theory of how the continents came to be located where they
are today. The section also gives evidence for the theory and explains why the theory
was not accepted for many years.
Use Target Reading Skills
As you read about the evidence that supports the theory of continental drift,
complete the graphic organizer.
Evidence
Shape of
continents
Hypothesis
Earth’s
continents have
moved.
a.
b.
change
Continental Drift
1. State Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis about how Earth’s continents have
moved.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Wegener named his supercontinent _________________.
3. What did Wegener think had happened to this supercontinent?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Wegener’s idea that the continents slowly moved over Earth’s surface
became known as __________________________________.
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Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
5. Circle the letter of each sentence that supports Wegener’s hypothesis.
a. Some continents match up like jigsaw puzzle pieces.
b. Different rock structures are found on different continents.
d. Continental glaciers once covered South Africa.
6. Give an example of evidence from land features that supported
Wegener’s idea of continental drift. _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Any trace of an ancient organism preserved in rock is called a(n)
_________________.
8. How did Wegener explain similar fossils on different continents?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. Is the following sentence true or false? Wegener believed that
continental drift explained fossils of tropical plants found in places that
today have a polar climate. _________________
Wegener’s Hypothesis Rejected
10. How did Wegener think that mountains formed? ____________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11. How do the locations of mountains support Wegener’s idea about how
mountains form? ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Plate Tectonics
c. Fossils of tropical plants are found near the equator.
Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Review and Reinforce
Drifting Continents
Understanding Main Ideas
Fill in the blanks in the table below.
Types of Evidence
Example of Evidence
Evidence from 1. _______________
a. Mountain ranges in South America and
2. _______________ line up
b. European coal fields match with similar coal fields in
North America
Evidence from Fossils
a. Fossils of the plant 3. _______________ found in rocks on
widely separated landmasses
Evidence from 4. _______________
a. Fossils of tropical plants found near Arctic Ocean
b. Scratches in rocks made by 5. _______________ found in
South Africa
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
6. State the hypothesis of continental drift.
7. Why did most scientists reject Wegener’s theory for nearly a half
century?
Building Vocabulary
Fill in the blank to complete each statement.
8. All the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called
_____________________, meaning “all lands.”
9. A(n) _____________________ is any trace of an ancient organism
preserved in rock.
10. Wegener’s theory that the continents slowly moved over Earth’s surface
became known as _____________________.
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Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
Sea-Floor Spreading
This section explains sea-floor spreading and describes evidence that it happens.
The section also explains subduction and describes how subduction affects
Earth’s oceans.
Use Target Reading Skills
As you read about sea-floor spreading, fill in the flowchart to show the sequence
of events.
Magma erupts along mid-ocean ridge
Magma a.
to form new b.
c.
spreads away from d.
Mid-Ocean Ridges
1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about mid-ocean ridges.
a. The mid-ocean ridges were mapped using sonar.
b. The mid-ocean ridges are found only below the Pacific Ocean.
c. The mid-ocean ridges are completely under water.
d. The tops of some mid-ocean ridges are split by a steep-sided valley.
2. A device that bounces sound waves off underwater objects is called
_________________.
3. What is sonar used for? ___________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
What Is Sea-Floor Spreading?
4. The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is
called __________________________________.
5. In sea-floor spreading, where does new crust come from? _____________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading
6. List three types of evidence for sea-floor spreading.
b. ______________________
c. ______________________
7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Earth’s magnetism.
a. At times in the past, a compass needle on Earth would have pointed
south.
b. Rock that makes up the ocean floor lies in a pattern of magnetized
stripes.
c. The pattern of stripes is different on both sides of mid-ocean ridges.
d. The magnetic memory of rock on the ocean floor changes over time.
8. How did drilling samples show that sea-floor spreading really has taken
place?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Subduction at Trenches
9. A long, narrow and very deep canyon where the ocean floor bends down toward
the mantle is called a ____________________________________________________ .
10. What is subduction? _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Plate Tectonics
a. ______________________
Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
Sea-Floor Spreading (continued)
11. Complete the cause, events, and effect graphic organizer to show the
relationships among the processes of convection currents, subduction,
and sea-floor spreading.
a.
in Earth’s mantle
cause
Subduction
b.
results in
The ocean is changed in c.
d. What process in Earth’s interior causes subduction and sea-floor
spreading? ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
e. What effect do those two events have on Earth’s surface? ___________________
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Is the following sentence true or false? At deep-ocean trenches,
conduction allows oceanic crust to sink back into the mantle.
________________
13. Is the following statement true or false? The Pacific Ocean is shrinking.
_________________
14. Why is the Atlantic Ocean expanding? _____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Review and Reinforce
Sea-Floor Spreading
Understanding Main Ideas
B
A
Ocean
floor
Continent
;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Ocean floor
C
Continental
crust
Oceanic crust
Molten
material
Mantle
1. Name and describe the feature of the ocean floor shown at A.
2. Describe the process shown occurring at B, and explain what results
from this.
3. What happens to old oceanic crust as new molten material rises from
the mantle?
4. The arrows on the figure show the ocean floor spreading from
the ridge. What are three kinds of evidence scientists have found to
support this idea?
5. What process is shown occurring at C, and why does it occur?
Building Vocabulary
Fill in the blank to complete each statement.
6. A device that scientists use to map the ocean floor is _________________.
7. The feature on the ocean floor at C is called a(n) _________________.
8. The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is
called _________________.
9. The process by which the ocean floor sinks into the mantle is called
_________________.
10. A chain of underwater mountains along which sea-floor spreading
occurs is a _________________.
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Plate Tectonics
Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow. Answer the questions on a
separate sheet of paper.
Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
This section explains how the lithosphere is broken into separate sections that move.
Before reading the section, write simple definitions for the words diverge,
converge, and transform. You may use a dictionary. After reading the passages
that contain the key terms divergent boundary, convergent boundary, and
transform boundary, explain how your definitions relate to these terms.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Write a definition of each Key Term in your own words below:
plate: ______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
scientific theory: ____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
plate tectonics: _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
fault: ______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
divergent boundary: ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
rift valley: _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
convergent boundary: _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
transform boundary: ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Plate Tectonics
Use Target Reading Skills
Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
■
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
(continued)
Introduction
1. The lithosphere is broken into separate sections called
_________________.
2. Is the following sentence true or false? Plates can carry continents or parts
of the ocean floor but not both. _________________
How Plates Move
3. What is a scientific theory? _______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. State the theory of plate tectonics. _________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Is the following sentence true or false? The theory of plate tectonics
explains the formation, movement, and subduction of Earth’s plates.
_________________
Plate Boundaries
Match the term with its definition.
Layer
Description
____ 6. plate boundary
a. Deep valley that forms where
two plates pull apart
____ 7. fault
b. Line where the edges of Earth’s
plates meet
____ 8. rift valley
c. Break in Earth’s crust where
rocks have slipped past each
other
9. Complete the compare/contrast table to show how plates move at the
different types of plate boundaries.
Plate Movement
Type of Plate Boundary
How Plates Move
Divergent boundary
a.
Convergent boundary
b.
Transform boundary
c.
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Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Guided Reading and Study
d. How are the movement of plates at divergent boundaries and at
transform boundaries similar?
_____________________________________________________________________
destroyed along a transform boundary. _________________
11. Most divergent boundaries occur along ___________________________.
12. When two plates converge, the result is called a(n) _________________.
13. When two plates collide, what determines which plate comes out on
top? ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about convergent
boundaries.
a. Where two plates carrying oceanic crust meet, subduction does not
take place.
b. An oceanic plate sinks beneath a continental plate when the two
plates collide.
c. Where two plates meet, the one that is more dense sinks under the
other.
d. Mountain ranges form where two plates carrying continental crust
collide.
15. Was Pangaea the only supercontinent to have existed? Explain your
answer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
16. Is the following sentence true or false? The pieces of the supercontinent
Pangaea began to drift apart about 225 million years ago.
_________________
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Plate Tectonics
10. Is the following sentence true or false? Crust is neither created nor
Name ____________________________
Plate Tectonics
■
Date ___________________
Class ____________
Review and Reinforce
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Understanding Main Ideas
Label each figure by writing the type of plate boundary it shows.
1. _________________
2. _________________
3. _________________
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
4. Describe what happens when a. two plates carrying oceanic crust collide,
b. two plates carrying continental crust collide, and c. a plate carrying
oceanic crust collides with a plate carrying continental crust.
5. Explain what force caused the movement of the continents from one
supercontinent to their present positions.
Building Vocabulary
Fill in the blank to complete each statement.
6. A scientific _________________ is a well-tested concept that explains a
wide range of observations.
7. Breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other are
called _________________.
8. The lithosphere is broken into separate sections called
_________________.
9. A(n) _________________ is a deep valley on land that forms along a
divergent boundary.
10. The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s crust are in
constant, slow motion is called _________________.
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