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Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study Earth’s Interior This section explains how scientists learn about Earth’s interior. The section also describes the layers that make up Earth and explains why Earth acts like a giant magnet. Before you read the passage for each heading, fill in the top box with what you know. After you have read the passage, fill in the bottom box with what you have learned. What You Know I. Earth’s crust is made of rock. 2. 3. 4. 5. What You Learned I. 2. 3. 4. 5. Exploring Inside Earth 1. What prevents geologists from directly exploring Earth’s interior? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Geologists use direct evidence from __________ to learn about Earth’s interior. 3. Geologists learn about Earth’s interior using indirect evidence from ________________. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Plate Tectonics Use Target Reading Skills Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study Earth’s Interior (continued) 4. Is the following sentence true or false? Earth looks the same today as it did millions of years ago. ________________ 5. Seismic waves reveal the structure of Earth through their ________________ and ________________. 6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Earth. a. Indirect evidence of Earth’s interior comes from studying rock samples. b. Geologists cannot observe Earth’s interior directly. c. It is over 6,000 kilometers from the surface to the center of Earth. d. Geologists learn about Earth’s interior by drilling holes. 7. _________________ waves are produced by earthquakes. A Journey to the Center of Earth 8. How does the temperature change as you go from the surface toward the center of Earth? _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9. How does pressure change as you go from the surface toward the center of Earth? ______________________________________________________________ 10. The three main layers that make up Earth are the _________________, _________________, and _________________. The Crust 11. The _________________ is a layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin. 12. Is the following sentence true or false? The crust is thinnest under high mountains. _________________ 13. The dark-colored rock that makes up most of the oceanic crust is _________________. 14. The light-colored rock that makes up most of the continental crust is _________________. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study The Mantle Match the name of each layer of the mantle with its description. Description ____ 15. lower mantle a. Rigid layer that includes the upper part of the mantle and the crust ____ 16. lithosphere ____ 17. asthenosphere b. Solid material beneath the asthenosphere c. Soft layer just below the lithosphere 18. Is the following sentence true or false? The asthenosphere is not considered solid because it can bend like plastic. _________________ 19. Is the following sentence true or false? The mantle is nearly 3,000 kilometers thick. _________________ The Core 20. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Earth’s outer core. a. It is under low pressure. b. It is made of solid metal. c. It contains iron and nickel. d. It is a solid. 21. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Earth’s inner core. a. It consists of molten metal. b. It is a thick liquid. c. It is not very dense. d. It is under extreme pressure. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Plate Tectonics Layer Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study Earth’s Interior (continued) 22. In the drawing, label the three main layers of Earth. a b c 23. Describe how a compass needle aligns itself. ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 24. What creates Earth’s magnetic field? _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Review and Reinforce Earth’s Interior Understanding Main Ideas 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. ____________________ Earth’s layers Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 5. What are two types of evidence geologists use to learn about Earth’s interior? 6. Compare and contrast the asthenosphere with the lithosphere. Building Vocabulary Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct definition on the line beside the term in the left column. ____ 7. basalt ____ 8. asthenosphere a. a rock that makes up much of the ocean floor ____ 9. crust b. the force pushing on a surface or area ____ 10. outer core ____ 11. lithosphere ____ 12. granite c. the layer made up of liquid iron and nickel d. the uppermost part of the mantle e. a rock that makes up the core of the continents ____ 13. pressure ____ 14. seismic wave f. outer rind of rock g. a wave produced by an earthquake h. soft layer of rock in the mantle © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Plate Tectonics Label the layers of Earth by writing the name of the layer in the blank. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study Convection and the Mantle This section describes how heat is transferred from Earth’s hot core through the mantle. As you read about heat transfer, complete the outline to show the relationships among the headings. Convection and the Mantle I. A. B. Conduction C. II. Convection Currents III. Types of Heat Transfer 1. The movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object is called _________________. 2. List the three types of heat transfer. a. ___________________ b. ___________________ c. ___________________ 3. What is radiation? _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. What are two forms of radiation? __________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is conduction? _____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 6. What is an example of conduction? ________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Plate Tectonics Use Target Reading Skills Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study Convection and the Mantle (continued) 7. What is convection? _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. Heat transfer by convection is caused by differences of _______________ and density within a fluid. 9. A measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance is _________________. 10. Circle the letter of the sentence that describes what happens to a fluid when its temperature increases. a. Its particles occupy less space. b. Its density decreases. c. Its particles move more slowly. d. Its particles settle together more closely. Convection Currents 11. What three factors set convection currents in motion? ________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 12. What happens to convection currents when the liquid or gas is no longer heated? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study Convection Currents in Earth 13. Complete the graphic organizer to show the relationships among heat, movement, and density in mantle rock. Particles occupy c. Density increases. Plate Tectonics Mantle rock a. Particles move b. . . space. Mantle rock rises Mantle rock d. Particles move faster. Particles occupy more space. . Mantle rock is heated Density e. . f. Why is this relationship shown as a cycle? _______________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ g. In the cycle shown, where would mantle rock be the densest? ______________ _____________________________________________________________________ 14. Is the following sentence true or false? The heat source for the convection currents in the mantle is the sun. _________________ © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Review and Reinforce Convection and the Mantle Understanding Main Ideas Label each figure by writing the type of heat transfer it shows. 1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. _________________ Answer the following questions in the spaces provided. 4. What are convection currents and what causes them? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. What causes convection currents in Earth’s mantle? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Building Vocabulary If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true. ____ 6. The transfer of energy through empty space is called convection. ____ 7. The movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object is called heat transfer. ____ 8. Conduction is heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter. ____ 9. Radiation is the transfer of heat by the movement of a heated fluid. ____ 10. Density is a measure of how much heat there is in a volume of a substance. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study ■ Drifting Continents This section describes a theory of how the continents came to be located where they are today. The section also gives evidence for the theory and explains why the theory was not accepted for many years. Use Target Reading Skills As you read about the evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, complete the graphic organizer. Evidence Shape of continents Hypothesis Earth’s continents have moved. a. b. change Continental Drift 1. State Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis about how Earth’s continents have moved. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Wegener named his supercontinent _________________. 3. What did Wegener think had happened to this supercontinent? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Wegener’s idea that the continents slowly moved over Earth’s surface became known as __________________________________. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that supports Wegener’s hypothesis. a. Some continents match up like jigsaw puzzle pieces. b. Different rock structures are found on different continents. d. Continental glaciers once covered South Africa. 6. Give an example of evidence from land features that supported Wegener’s idea of continental drift. _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7. Any trace of an ancient organism preserved in rock is called a(n) _________________. 8. How did Wegener explain similar fossils on different continents? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9. Is the following sentence true or false? Wegener believed that continental drift explained fossils of tropical plants found in places that today have a polar climate. _________________ Wegener’s Hypothesis Rejected 10. How did Wegener think that mountains formed? ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 11. How do the locations of mountains support Wegener’s idea about how mountains form? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Plate Tectonics c. Fossils of tropical plants are found near the equator. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Review and Reinforce Drifting Continents Understanding Main Ideas Fill in the blanks in the table below. Types of Evidence Example of Evidence Evidence from 1. _______________ a. Mountain ranges in South America and 2. _______________ line up b. European coal fields match with similar coal fields in North America Evidence from Fossils a. Fossils of the plant 3. _______________ found in rocks on widely separated landmasses Evidence from 4. _______________ a. Fossils of tropical plants found near Arctic Ocean b. Scratches in rocks made by 5. _______________ found in South Africa Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 6. State the hypothesis of continental drift. 7. Why did most scientists reject Wegener’s theory for nearly a half century? Building Vocabulary Fill in the blank to complete each statement. 8. All the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called _____________________, meaning “all lands.” 9. A(n) _____________________ is any trace of an ancient organism preserved in rock. 10. Wegener’s theory that the continents slowly moved over Earth’s surface became known as _____________________. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study Sea-Floor Spreading This section explains sea-floor spreading and describes evidence that it happens. The section also explains subduction and describes how subduction affects Earth’s oceans. Use Target Reading Skills As you read about sea-floor spreading, fill in the flowchart to show the sequence of events. Magma erupts along mid-ocean ridge Magma a. to form new b. c. spreads away from d. Mid-Ocean Ridges 1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about mid-ocean ridges. a. The mid-ocean ridges were mapped using sonar. b. The mid-ocean ridges are found only below the Pacific Ocean. c. The mid-ocean ridges are completely under water. d. The tops of some mid-ocean ridges are split by a steep-sided valley. 2. A device that bounces sound waves off underwater objects is called _________________. 3. What is sonar used for? ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ What Is Sea-Floor Spreading? 4. The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is called __________________________________. 5. In sea-floor spreading, where does new crust come from? _____________________ _________________________________________________________________________ © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading 6. List three types of evidence for sea-floor spreading. b. ______________________ c. ______________________ 7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Earth’s magnetism. a. At times in the past, a compass needle on Earth would have pointed south. b. Rock that makes up the ocean floor lies in a pattern of magnetized stripes. c. The pattern of stripes is different on both sides of mid-ocean ridges. d. The magnetic memory of rock on the ocean floor changes over time. 8. How did drilling samples show that sea-floor spreading really has taken place? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Subduction at Trenches 9. A long, narrow and very deep canyon where the ocean floor bends down toward the mantle is called a ____________________________________________________ . 10. What is subduction? _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Plate Tectonics a. ______________________ Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study Sea-Floor Spreading (continued) 11. Complete the cause, events, and effect graphic organizer to show the relationships among the processes of convection currents, subduction, and sea-floor spreading. a. in Earth’s mantle cause Subduction b. results in The ocean is changed in c. d. What process in Earth’s interior causes subduction and sea-floor spreading? ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ e. What effect do those two events have on Earth’s surface? ___________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 12. Is the following sentence true or false? At deep-ocean trenches, conduction allows oceanic crust to sink back into the mantle. ________________ 13. Is the following statement true or false? The Pacific Ocean is shrinking. _________________ 14. Why is the Atlantic Ocean expanding? _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Review and Reinforce Sea-Floor Spreading Understanding Main Ideas B A Ocean floor Continent ;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;; Ocean floor C Continental crust Oceanic crust Molten material Mantle 1. Name and describe the feature of the ocean floor shown at A. 2. Describe the process shown occurring at B, and explain what results from this. 3. What happens to old oceanic crust as new molten material rises from the mantle? 4. The arrows on the figure show the ocean floor spreading from the ridge. What are three kinds of evidence scientists have found to support this idea? 5. What process is shown occurring at C, and why does it occur? Building Vocabulary Fill in the blank to complete each statement. 6. A device that scientists use to map the ocean floor is _________________. 7. The feature on the ocean floor at C is called a(n) _________________. 8. The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is called _________________. 9. The process by which the ocean floor sinks into the mantle is called _________________. 10. A chain of underwater mountains along which sea-floor spreading occurs is a _________________. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Plate Tectonics Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow. Answer the questions on a separate sheet of paper. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study The Theory of Plate Tectonics This section explains how the lithosphere is broken into separate sections that move. Before reading the section, write simple definitions for the words diverge, converge, and transform. You may use a dictionary. After reading the passages that contain the key terms divergent boundary, convergent boundary, and transform boundary, explain how your definitions relate to these terms. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Write a definition of each Key Term in your own words below: plate: ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ scientific theory: ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ plate tectonics: _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ fault: ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ divergent boundary: ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ rift valley: _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ convergent boundary: _______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ transform boundary: ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Plate Tectonics Use Target Reading Skills Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study ■ The Theory of Plate Tectonics (continued) Introduction 1. The lithosphere is broken into separate sections called _________________. 2. Is the following sentence true or false? Plates can carry continents or parts of the ocean floor but not both. _________________ How Plates Move 3. What is a scientific theory? _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. State the theory of plate tectonics. _________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Is the following sentence true or false? The theory of plate tectonics explains the formation, movement, and subduction of Earth’s plates. _________________ Plate Boundaries Match the term with its definition. Layer Description ____ 6. plate boundary a. Deep valley that forms where two plates pull apart ____ 7. fault b. Line where the edges of Earth’s plates meet ____ 8. rift valley c. Break in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other 9. Complete the compare/contrast table to show how plates move at the different types of plate boundaries. Plate Movement Type of Plate Boundary How Plates Move Divergent boundary a. Convergent boundary b. Transform boundary c. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Guided Reading and Study d. How are the movement of plates at divergent boundaries and at transform boundaries similar? _____________________________________________________________________ destroyed along a transform boundary. _________________ 11. Most divergent boundaries occur along ___________________________. 12. When two plates converge, the result is called a(n) _________________. 13. When two plates collide, what determines which plate comes out on top? ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about convergent boundaries. a. Where two plates carrying oceanic crust meet, subduction does not take place. b. An oceanic plate sinks beneath a continental plate when the two plates collide. c. Where two plates meet, the one that is more dense sinks under the other. d. Mountain ranges form where two plates carrying continental crust collide. 15. Was Pangaea the only supercontinent to have existed? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 16. Is the following sentence true or false? The pieces of the supercontinent Pangaea began to drift apart about 225 million years ago. _________________ © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Plate Tectonics 10. Is the following sentence true or false? Crust is neither created nor Name ____________________________ Plate Tectonics ■ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Review and Reinforce The Theory of Plate Tectonics Understanding Main Ideas Label each figure by writing the type of plate boundary it shows. 1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. _________________ Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 4. Describe what happens when a. two plates carrying oceanic crust collide, b. two plates carrying continental crust collide, and c. a plate carrying oceanic crust collides with a plate carrying continental crust. 5. Explain what force caused the movement of the continents from one supercontinent to their present positions. Building Vocabulary Fill in the blank to complete each statement. 6. A scientific _________________ is a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations. 7. Breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other are called _________________. 8. The lithosphere is broken into separate sections called _________________. 9. A(n) _________________ is a deep valley on land that forms along a divergent boundary. 10. The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s crust are in constant, slow motion is called _________________. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.