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Chronology of the
Roman Republic
Senātus
Populusque
Rōmānus
"The Senate and
People of Rome"
Please draw the following timeline in your notebook.
The mythical founding of Rome occurred when two newborn
brothers named Romulus and Remus were kidnapped from
their cradle and thrown in the Tiber river. They were rescued
and raised by a she-wolf. The brothers eventually established
a city on the 7 hills located near the location where the shewolf had rescued them.
Romulus killed his brother
Remus in an argument and
named the city Rome after
himself.
Historically, Rome was a small city state of Latin speaking
people who were ruled by the Etruscan Kingdom located in
the north of the Italian Peninsula. The map below shows the
land claims around the Mediterranean sea around 550 B.C.E.
509 B.C.
Rome rebels against the
Etruscans, and established the
Roman Republic. Rather than a
monarch, its government was
led by 300 senators.
449 B.C.
The Twelve Tables are
completed and
displayed. These gave
the plebeians (working
class people) of Rome
access to the laws of
Rome and helped to
bring a larger population
into the political arena.
338 B.C.
Rome wins the Latin
Wars. Rome had
previously been allied
with other Latin city
states to fight against
the Etruscans.
Eventually Rome
became dominant and
brought the other Latins
under its control.
264 B.C.
The first Punic War begins when Rome invades the
island of
Sicily
which was
controlled
by
Carthage.
241 B.C.
Rome emerges victorious in the first Punic War and
establishes its first province in Sicily. Because Rome
had no naval
experience, they
built a navy of
ships outfitted
with a “corvus”
allowing Them to
turn naval battles
into “land” battles.
218 B.C.
The second Punic War
begins when the
Carthaginian General
Hannibal invades
Roman territory. He
launched an overland
invasion hoping to
avoid the Roman navy
and force Rome’s allies
to join the Carthage.
During Hannibal’s
invasion of Italy, he
marched 40,000
men and 37 war
elephants over the
Alps. Only 25,000
men and one
elephant survived
this march.
Nevertheless,
Hannibal had a
largely successful
Italian campaign
which lasted for 11
years.
201 B.C.
The second Punic
War ends when
Rome went on the
offensive and invaded
North Africa.
Hannibal had no
choice but to return
home from Italy and
was soundly defeated
at the battle of Zama.
149 B.C.
The Third
Punic War
begins.
146 B.C.
Rome
destroys
Carthage.
146 B.C.
Rome conquers
Greece. This
along with the
victory in the
third Punic war
establish Rome
as the new
Mediterranean
power.
133 B.C.
Tiberius Gracchus
becomes Tribune and
enacts reforms which
returned much “public”
land to farming families.
123 B.C.
After the death of
Tiberius, his brother Gaius
became tribune and
continued to reform.
60 B.C.
The first Roman Triumvirate is formed
between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.
It was not an official governing body, but the
alliance they created gave them outright
power in the Roman political arena.
They used this power to elect Julius Caesar as
Consul in 59 B.C. and
52 B.C.
Julius Caesar leads
the Romans to
victory over the
Gallic tribes in the
Battle of Alesia. Gaul
is now under Roman
control.
50 B.C.
While Julius Caesar is in northern Italy, the Senate
orders him to disband his army and return to Rome.
49 B.C.
Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon River with his army
and in doing so begins the second Roman Civil War.
48 B.C.
Julius Caesar defeats Pompey at the battle of
Pharsalus. Pompey flees to Egypt where he is later
assassinated by Pharaoh Ptolemy VIII who thought
Julius Caesar would appreciate this gesture.
Ptolemy VIII was the brother, husband, and co-ruler of
Queen Cleopatra.
In Rome, Julius Caesar was declared dictator and then
traveled to Egypt to Pursue Pompey. When he arrived
he formed an alliance with Cleopatra and the two
ousted her brother Ptolemy VIII. They also had a son
together whose name was Caesarion.
44 B.C.
Julius Caesar is
assassinated. The
second
triumvirate is
formed the
following year by
Octavian, Antony,
and Lepidus who
divide the empire
into three parts.
“La Mort de César” by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1860
34 B.C.
Mark Antony and
Cleopatra divide
Antony’s portion of
the empire between
Cleopatra’s children.
This act enraged
Octavian who quickly
declared war on
Egypt and therefore
also on Mark Antony.
31 B.C.
Octavian
defeats
Mark
Antony at
the Battle
of Actium.
“The Battle of Actium” by Lorenzo A. Castro, 1672
30 B.C.
Mark
Antony
and
Cleopatra
commit
suicide.
The Death of Cleopatra by Reginald Arthur (1892)
27 B.C.
Octavian declares himself
Caesar Augustus, and becomes
the first Emperor of Rome.
After nearly 500 years, the
Roman Republic officially
comes to an end.