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Transcript
An introduction to the concepts that make zoology what it is. Do you remember the Seven Characteristics of Living Things that you learned in Biology? Forget about them! We are not in Kansas anymore , Toto! I. Fundamental Properties of Life 1. Chemical Uniqueness Living systems exhibit a unique and complex molecular structure No matter how much we are alike, we are so very much different from one another. 2. Complexity and Hierarchical Organization Atoms Molecules Cells Organs Systems Organisms Communities Ecosystems Biosphere Tissues Populations Biomes In the Biological Hierarchy, there are certain properties that emerge at a given level of the hierarchy, which we call emergent properties. 3. Reproduction Do you remember “All living things reproduce”? Now, ask yourself , “How?” Is everything the same? Reproduction Heredity You are what your parents are! Variation Fortunately, there are other sources and you can get a wide variety of traits from all of the previous generations! 4. Possession of a Genetic Code DNA and the sequencing of the nucleic acids that make it up create a genetic code. This controls the framework by which all life is/was created! SAME proteins – different sequences! 5. Metabolism All of the chemical activities of the body make up the METABOLISM of an organism. 6. Development •This involves CHANGE, not GROWTH •Significant change AFTER EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT results in what we call METAMORPHOSIS 7. Environmental Interaction •The study of how organisms interact with their environment is called ECOLOGY. Let’s have some fun! II. Life Obeys Physical Laws A. The First Law of Thermodynamics (The Law of Conservation of Energy) B. The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Also known as the Law of Entropy) III. Zoology as a Part of Biology A. Zoology is the study of animals. So…… what is an animal? Animals are: Mobile Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophs IV. Principles of Science A. Arkansas tries to initiate teaching of Creationism rather than Evolution. B. ACLU files suit C. Arkansas decides to teach both D. ACLU files suit again Principles of Science (cont.) 1982 – Judge William Overton 1. Science is guided by natural law 2. Science is explanatory by reference to natural law 3. Science is testable against the observable world 4. Science is tentative, its results are never final! 5. Science is falsifiable V. Scientific Method: A new name ! Hypothetico-deductive method Control – The part of an experiment where NOTHING changes, to have a group to reference against. Independent Variable – What is being tested Dependent Variable – anything that happens as a result of the Independent Variable. •Powerful theories that guide extensive research are called PARADIGMS. VI. Experimental Science vs. Evolutionary Science Experimental Evolutionary Answers proximal causes Answers ultimate causes How things work NOW How things CAME TO BE VII. Charles Darwin and Evolution: The truths, the half-truths, and the myths. Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle 1831 -1835 Galapagos Islands Sir Charles Darwin in later years Most people do not realize several aspects of his life. Like most other scientists of his time, he was a priest. •Tenets of Darwinian Theory: •Perpetual Change •Gradualism •Natural Selection •Multiplication of Species •Common Descent 1. Perpetual Change Nothing on the Earth stays the same, but is constantly changing in a noncyclical fashion The volcanic Island of Surtsey, Formed in 1963 2. Gradualism Height in feet The tenet that large anatomical differences in species occurred in small increments over long periods of time. (Since disputed) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Growth according to Gradualism Height inTime feet in of Thousands Giraffe Neckofaccording to gradualism years Gradualism replaced: Punctuated Equilibrium NOT DARWINIAN ! Height in feet Punctuated Equilibrium (according to Neo-Darwinism) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Time in Thousands of Years 3. Natural Selection Survival of the fittest…..only the strong survive Natural Selection: •Animals produce more of their own kind than is necessary in order to survive. (Salmon) •There is a constant struggle for existence….food, water, etc. •Organisms have variation, and those variations are heritable for success or failure •Organisms are constructed to meet the demands and needs of their environment - ADAPTATION 4. Multiplication of Species Isolated populations which no longer interbreed will develop into different species as they become more adapted to their specific habitat. Multiplication of Species Scrub Jay Western Scrub Jay Island Scrub Jay Florida Scrub Jay 5. Common Descent This is really the only part of evolutionary theory that gives anyone any trouble – and the truth is, evolution never said that man came from monkeys! It says that man and apes and monkeys all evolved from a common ancestor. Common Descent suggests: •All forms of life evolved from a single organism in the ocean •Those forms, through multiplication of species became differentiated •In 1955 Stanley Miller developed apparatus to show how life could have begun Ernst Haeckel’s “Stammbaum des Menschen” or “Pedigree of Man” known today as the phylogeny of man At first, Darwin’s theory of Evolution was not accepted by science or the church, because of the mistaken theory of blending inheritance…… Then came another clergyman: Gregor Mendel The Austrian monk Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) laid the foundations for modern genetics, although his work was largely unknown until long after his death. Mendel developed the law of independent assortment and the law of particulate inheritance and disproved that all offspring were a blend of their parents. This slightly changed Darwin’s theory, but made it work. The new theory of evolution, based on Mendelian Genetics is known as Neo-Darwinism. VIII. Contributions to Cellular Biology What is the single most important scientific contribution to the improvement of life in the 20th century and beyond? Clue #1: The man you see here invented it! Clue #2: He is Dutch. Clue #3: He was the first to see sperm. Evolution of the Microscope Anton van Leeuwenhoek Charles A. Spencer Robert Hooke Animal Rights and Scientific Testing Many people consider it cruel and inhuman to test living animals by submitting them to painful or deadly substances to check their reactions. What is the controversy all about? Congress passed a series of Amendments to the Animal Welfare Act, which covers animal care in laboratories and other facilities. From those amendments, the following have come about: •Reduction: reducing the number of animals needed for experimentation •Refinement: refining the techniques used in experimentation to lower stress and suffering for tested animals •Replacement: replacing live animals with simulations or cell cultures when possible That’s All Folks!