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AP Psychology Exam Info Monday, May 5 (afternoon session) Bring photo ID, pens/pencils, & DO NOT BE LATE 2 hour, 10 minute exam Part 1: Multiple choice ○ 100 questions (A-E) ○ 70 minutes ○ ANSWER EVERY QUESTION! GUESS GUESS GUESS! 10 minute break Part 2: Free response ○ 2 questions ○ 50 minutes ○ ANSWER DIRECTLY! AP Psychology Exam Info 150 total possible points (100 multiple choice, 50 free response) Composite Score AP Grade (approx.) 96-150 5 74-95 4 55-73 3 36-54 2 0-35 1 Unit 1 Review Topics Terms/Ideas psychology phrenology structuralism introspection functionalism Gestalt ○ perceptual units psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory ○ unconscious behaviorism humanistic psychology cognitive psychology social psychology nature vs. nurture psychology vs. psychiatry Important People to Know John Locke Rene Descartes Hippocrates Wilhelm Wundt William James Sigmund Freud Unit 2 Review Topics Terms/Ideas hypothesis theory operational definition population sample (random sampling) Descriptive research ○ case study ○ surveys ○ naturalistic observation Terms/Ideas, cont. random assignment reliability validity (internal & external) demand characteristics placebo effect double-blind design Descriptive statistics ○ measures of central tendency ○ measures of variability Correlational research ○ correlation coefficient (r) ○ direction and size of correlations ○ drawbacks? Inferential statistics Experimental research ○ independent & dependent variables ○ experimental & control conditions ○ confounds informed consent debriefing Institutional Review Boards ○ statistical significance ○ meta-analysis (IRBs) Unit 3 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Terms/Ideas, cont. glial cells agonists & antagonists Neuron Nervous system ○ cell body/soma ○ central and peripheral ○ nucleus ○ PNS = Skeletal and autonomic ○ dendrites ○ ANS = sympathetic and ○ axon parasympathetic ○ myelin sheath Endocrine system ○ Nodes of Ranvier ○ hormones ○ terminal buttons/terminal branches ○ pituitary gland resting potential Mapping Brain Functions action potential ○ EEG threshold (“all or none law”) ○ CT scan synapse/synaptic cleft ○ PET scan Neurotransmitters ○ MRI & fMRI ○ vescicles ○ receptors ○ reuptake Unit 3 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Hindbrain ○ medulla ○ pons ○ reticular formation ○ cerebellum Midbrain ○ thalamus Forebrain ○ limbic system hippocampus hypothalamus amygdala Terms/Ideas, cont. Forebrain, cont. ○ cerebral cortex frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe ○ corpus callosum plasticity Important People to Know Phineas Gage H.M. Unit 4 Review Topics Terms/Ideas sensation vs. perception bottom-up & top-down processing absolute threshold ○ just-noticeable difference (JND) ○ Weber’s Law priming sensory adaptation transduction Visual Sensation & Perception ○ amplitude & frequency of light waves ○ parts of the eye ○ theories of color vision trichromatic theory opponent-process theory (afterimages) ○ feature detector neurons Terms/Ideas, cont. Visual Sensation & Perception, cont. ○ cues to depth perception (monocular vs. binocular) ○ motion perception stroboscopic effect phi phenomenon ○ change blindness ○ Stroop task Auditory Sensation & Perception ○ amplitude & frequency of sound waves ○ parts of the ear ○ pitch theories (place theory, frequency theory) ○ cocktail party effect gate-control theory of pain synesthesia Unit 5 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Terms/Ideas, cont. consciousness (normal/waking vs. Sleep, cont. altered states) ○ sleep disorders Sleep insomnia narcolepsy (hypocretin) ○ circadian rhythm (roles of sleep apnea hypothalamus, pineal gland, night terrors melatonin) Hypnosis ○ stages of sleep ○ absorption brain wave activity ○ applications of hypnosis Psychoactive drugs ○ Why do we sleep? ○ addiction, tolerance, & withdrawal ○ Why do we dream? ○ 3 classes: Freud (manifest vs. latent depressants content) stimulants sctivation-synthesis theory hallucinogens Near-death experiences memory consolidation Unit 6 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Terms/Ideas, cont. Classical conditioning Operant conditioning ○ 4 aspects: ○ Law of Effect unconditioned stimulus (US) ○ shaping conditioned stimulus (CS) ○ positive & negative reinforcement unconditioned response (UR) ○ 4 schedules of partial reinforcement: conditioned response (CR) fixed ratio ○ acquisition variable ratio ○ extinction fixed interval ○ reacquisition variable interval ○ spontaneous recovery ○ positive & negative punishment ○ stimulus discrimination Other types of learning besides ○ stimulus generalization conditioning ○ biological preparedness ○ latent learning ○ taste aversion (Garcia & Koelling ○ insight learning study) ○ social/observational learning ○ systematic desensitization (modeling) ○ mirror neurons Unit 6 Review Topics Important People to Know Ivan Pavlov John Watson Edward Thorndike BF Skinner Wolfgang Kohler Albert Bandura In-Class Assignment: Classical Conditioning (5 pts.) 1. A college guy spends a summer going down to the football field every day, scattering birdseed all over the field while blowing a whistle, then walking off. Fall arrives, and the school’s first home game starts. The referee walks out and blows his whistle - and the game has to be delayed half an hour to remove the birds who flocked when they heard the sound of the whistle. In-Class Assignment: Classical Conditioning (5 pts.) 2. This story is from the U.S. Army’s Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland. MaryBeth Garrigan of the University of Minnesota recalls a bird-watching assignment there during explosives testing. “Looking through my binoculars, I saw a pair of red-tailed hawks sitting on a telephone pole, and as the bombing started, I expected the birds to fly away in a panic. Instead they flew to a platform closer to the explosions!” She made sense of this when the bombing subsided, and the hawks began flying slowly over the field, diving down and picking up what looked like shell-shocked mice and rabbits. In-Class Assignment: Classical Conditioning (5 pts.) 3. It’s your first day of college! Ah yes, your first experiences with dorm life. You are standing in the shower, trying to wake up, when you hear someone flush the toilet, then a few seconds later the shower water turns scaldingly hot! You yell and jump out of the way. After the water temperature returns to normal, you resume the shower, but someone else flushes the toilet, the water gets hot, you jump again. Sooner or later (sooner, I hope!), you begin to jump out of the way as soon as you hear a toilet flush without waiting to get burned. In-Class Assignment: Classical Conditioning (5 pts.) 4. While crossing an intersection, you are nearly run down by a car. The next time you approach that intersection, you find yourself feeling nervous (e.g. palms sweating, heart racing, etc.) In-Class Assignment: Classical Conditioning (5 pts.) 5. In order to punish your cat even when you’re not close enough to reach him, you have paired the sound of a clicker with getting squirted with water. Now the sound of the clicker causes him to startle. Unit 7 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Terms/Ideas, cont. Memory Memory, cont. ○ 3 steps to forming a memory ○ retrograde & anterograde (encoding, storage, retrieval) amnesia ○ Atkinson & Shiffring (1968): 3 Stage ○ long-term potentiation Model of Memory ○ flashbulb memories sensory memory short-term ○ memory interference (working) memory long-term (proactive & retroactive) memory ○ repression ○ rehearsal ○ mnemonic devices ○ chunking ○ levels/depth of processing ○ primacy & recency effects ○ types of memories explicit vs. implicit episodic, semantic Unit 7 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Thinking ○ linguistic relativity (Whorf) ○ algorithms vs. heuristics heuristics: availability, representativeness, anchor & adjust ○ confirmation bias Language ○ phonemes, morphemes ○ grammar (syntax, semantics) ○ Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia Important People to Know Hermann Ebbinghaus Elizabeth Loftus Benjamin Whorf Noam Chomsky Unit 8 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Motivation ○ drive-reduction theory ○ law of optimal arousal (aka. Yerkes-Dodson Law) ○ hunger (lateral & ventromedial hypothalamus) anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa ○ evolutionary perspective on mating habits ○ flow Terms/Ideas, cont. Emotion ○ catharsis ○ 3 important theories of emotion 1. James-Lange 2. Cannon-Bard 3. two-factor theory (Schacter & Singer) ○ polygraph tests Important People to Know Abraham Maslow Paul Ekman Schacter & Singer Unit 9 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Physical/Prenatal Development ○ zygote embryo fetus ○ teratogens Cognitive Development ○ schemas (assimilation & accomodation) ○ Piaget’s stage model object permanence conservation egocentrism/theory of mind ○ autism 5 REVIEW DAYS LEFT! Terms/Ideas, cont. Psychosocial Development ○ attachment styles ○ critical period/imprinting ○ Baumrind’s parenting styles ○ Erikson’s stage model Moral Development ○ Kohlberg’s stage model dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease Important People to Know Jean Piaget Harry Harlow Mary Ainsworth Konrad Lorenz Lawrence Kohlberg Erik Erikson Child Rearing Practices: Level of Control? 1. authoritarian style impose rules, expect unquestioning obedience & conformity high expectations, but no explanation of rules (“Why? Because I said so.”) most likely to use physical punishment kids: low in social competence rarely take initiative, look to others for what is right lack spontaneity Child Rearing Practices: Level of Control? 2. permissive style warm, but lax, style submit to children’s wishes, make few demands, use little punishment, few rules kids: selfish, impulsive, aggressive, insecure, low achievers often lacking in social responsibility Child Rearing Practices: Level of Control? 3. authoritative style both demanding & responsive set rules & enforce them... ...but explain reasons for rules ...and explain why punishment is happening encourage independence kids: high self-esteem, independence ability to reason, form own opinions & arguments Unit 10 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Psychoanalytic theory (aka. psychodynamic) ○ the unconscious ○ accessing the unconscious: dreams (manifest vs. latent content) free association hypnosis projective tests ○ id, superego, & ego ○ Freud’s stage model of psychosexual development ○ Oedipus complex ○ defense mechanisms: repression, projection, regression, reaction formation, sublimation 4 REVIEW DAYS LEFT! Terms/Ideas, cont. Trait approach ○ factor analysis ○ five-factor theory of personality (“the Big Five”) learned helplessness Important People to Know Sigmund Freud Anna O. Carl Jung Gordon Allport Unit 11 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Intelligence ○ general intelligence (g) ○ emotional intelligence ○ convergent vs. divergent thinking (creativity?) ○ crystallized vs. fluid intelligence Intelligence testing ○ Intelligence quotient (IQ) ○ famous IQ tests: Binet-Simon Stanford-Binet WAIS/WISC ○ standardization ○ reliability (test-retest, split-half) ○ validity (criterion) Terms/Ideas, cont. stereotype threat Important People to Know Charles Spearman Howard Gardner Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon Lewis Terman Stray Topic #1: Hans Selye General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 3 stage model of reactions to stress: ○ 1. Alarm (fight-or-flight, sympathetic NS, prepare body) ○ 2. Resistance (remain physically “ready”; can deplete energy if too long) ○ 3. Exhaustion (parasympathetic NS) more vulnerable to disease, illness in Exhaustion stage Stray Topic #2: Opponent-Process Theory Not just for color vision… also opposing processes in emotions, addiction Emotions & skydivers ○ inexperienced = more scared before, less pleasure upon landing ○ experienced = less scared before, more pleasure upon landing Stray Topic #3: A Few Misc. Names Carol Gilligan refined Kohlberg’s stage theory ○ men = absolute in their morality ○ women = more likely to take situation into account Hubel & Wiesel feature detector neurons Robert Rescorla Contingency model of classical conditioning (aka. RescorlaWagner model) ○ Pavlov = contiguity model (more pairings = more learning) ○ Rescorla = contingency model (more CONSISTENT pairings = more learning) Expectations/cognition matter in conditioning Schacter & Singer: two-factor theory of emotion Unit 12 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Terms/Ideas, cont. Diagnostic & Statistical Mood disorders Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) ○ Major depressive disorder (MDD) ○ 5 axes Seasonal affective disorder Anxiety Disorders (SAD) ○ Generalized anxiety disorder ○ Bipolar disorder (BD) (GAD) Schizophrenia ○ Panic disorder (PD) ○ delusions, hallucinations, ○ Agoraphobia language disruptions ○ Phobias Personality disorders ○ Social anxiety disorder (SAD) ○ especially borderline (BPD) (aka. social phobia) and antisocial (APD) ○ Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Important People to Know ○ Post-traumatic stress disorder David Rosenhan (PTSD) Unit 13 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Psychoanalytic Therapy ○ resistance ○ transference Humanistic Therapy ○ client-centered therapy ○ active listening Behavioral therapy ○ counterconditioning ○ token economies ○ systematic desensitization Cognitive therapy/cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT) Terms/Ideas, cont. Types of Medication ○ antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety, mood-stabilizers “Alternative” Therapies ○ electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), rTMS, EMDR, lobotomy Important People to Know Sigmund Freud Carl Rogers Stray Topic #4: Types of Intelligence Tests aptitude tests: ability, what you can do achievement tests: knowledge, what you have learned Stray Topic #5: Somatoform Disorders experiencing physical problems in the absence of any physical cause hypochondriasis: frequent physical complaints for which doctors cannot find cause ○ minor problems indicative of major problems? conversion disorder: severe physical problems with no apparent biological reason (paralysis, blindness) Due to unresolved unconscious conflicts? Reinforced behaviors? Stray Topic #6: RationalEmotive Behavior Therapy Specific type of CBT Developed by Albert Ellis Aims to expose, confront dysfunctional thoughts of clients Stray Topic #7: Group Dynamics besides social facilitation, social loafing group polarization: groups make more extreme decisions than they would individually groupthink: group members suppress concerns about ideas that group supports false unanimity (missing important flaws in idea?) Unit 14 Review Topics Terms/Ideas Hindsight bias Fundamental attribution error Social roles (Stanford Prison Study) Cognitive dissonance Conformity ○ Informational & normative social influence Obedience to authority Helping behavior ○ Bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility Terror Management Theory Terms/Ideas, cont. Stereotypes, prejudice, & discrimination ○ Explicit vs. implicit attitudes (IAT) ○ outgroup homogeneity, ingroup favoritism Persuasion ○ Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) ○ persuasion techniques: foot-in-the-door door-in-the-face Attraction & relationships ○ mere exposure effect ○ halo effect ○ Sternberg’s triangle theory Group processes ○ social facilitation, social loafing Unit 14 Review Topics Important People to Know Phil Zimbardo Leon Festinger Solomon Asch Stanley Milgram