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Biological Macromolecules SBI 3C0 Macromolecules Skin, intestines, bones, muscles, and other structures in a human body and the cells that make them up, contain specialized molecules that give them the properties they need to function. The molecules of these organic compounds are made up of hundreds or even thousands of atoms. Such molecules are called macromolecules: large molecules that often have complex structures. Polymers are long chained-like molecules composed of many smaller molecules linked together. The smaller molecules are called monomers. **When linked together, monomers form polymers** Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (Glucose) Disaccharides (Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose) Polysaccharides (Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen) A substance composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars) * Cells use these to get energy quickly Function - Found in all the cells in your body - Primary source of energy Sources - Plants make sugar via photosynthesis - Fruits, breads, cereals Disaccharides *Created when two monosaccharide molecules bond together Function - Source of energy once broken into a monosaccharide Sources - Lactose- dairy products - Sucrose- table sugar - Maltose- sugar cane, sugar beets Polysaccharides • Polymers consisting of several hundred to several thousand monosaccharide monomers linked together. • Structural (building materials to protect organisms) and Storage (store sugar for cells to use energy) Polysaccharides Function - Energy source in plants - Plants store excess sugar molecules as starch in their roots and stems Sources -Bread, Pasta, and potatoes (wheat products) Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Lipids are a diverse group of macromolecules with one property in common: they do not dissolve in water (nonpolar). Triglycerides * Glycerol and Three fatty acids- Saturated contains all the hydrogen atoms it possibly can. Unsaturated has one or more double bonded carbons. Function - Absorbs fat soluble vitamins - Energy source - Insulation for body - Precursor to hormones Sources - Animal meat, butter, oil, cheese What’s the deal with Trans Fat?? Scientists have discovered how to convert vegetable oils into solid fats. This is useful in products such as shortening and peanut butter, where separation of oil is undesirable. Trans-fatty acids are found in fried food, commercial baked goods, processed foods and margarine Technique called hydrogenation adds hydrogen to the fatty acids of oils- creating Trans Fats. Trans Fat Phospholipids * Glycerol and two fatty acids. Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail Function - Component in cell membranes Sources - Plants and animals Phospholipids Phospholipids Steroids Lipids that have four interconnected carbon rings. Cholesterol is a steroid that is a key part of animal cell membranes. Commercially produced steroids can be used to treat consitions such as asthma. Coronary Angioplasty It is a medical procedure used to open narrowed or clogged blood vessels of the heart Protein *Proteins control what enters of leaves a cell, carry oxygen in blood, aid in blood clotting, build hair and nails, suport body tissues, break apart food molecules, allow muscles to contract, and participate in countless other processes. *Illness and death can result if even one type of protein is missing! *Protein is a polymer made up of monomers called amino acids Each amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to four other atoms or groups of atoms. The four groups are: - A hydrogen atom - A carboxyl group - An amino group - A side chain, also called an R group *There are 22 different R groups, so there are 22 different types of amino acids that make up proteins. Proteins Amino Acids link together to with special bonds called peptide bonds. AS a result, a long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide. Once formed, a polypeptide forms a threedimensional shape and is called a protein. A protein may consist of one or more polypeptide chains. Proteins Function - Make enzymes - Build cell structures - Help regulate chemical activities in the cell Sources - Your body makes some proteins (hair, skin, enzymes) - chicken, tuna, eggs, nuts Nucleic Acids DNA & RNA- polymers that consist of monomers called nucleotides Function - Stores hereditary information (DNA) - participates in protein synthesis (RNA) Source - In cells Text Work *Answer the following questions in the text *Complete the Blame your brain reading and questions. To be handed in tomorrow.