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Biological Macromolecules
SBI 3C0
Macromolecules

Skin, intestines, bones, muscles, and other structures in a
human body and the cells that make them up, contain
specialized molecules that give them the properties they
need to function.

The molecules of these organic compounds are made up
of hundreds or even thousands of atoms. Such
molecules are called macromolecules: large molecules
that often have complex structures.

Polymers are long chained-like molecules composed of
many smaller molecules linked together.

The smaller molecules are called monomers.

**When linked together, monomers form polymers**
Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (Glucose)

Disaccharides (Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose)

Polysaccharides (Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen)

A substance composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms
Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
* Cells use these to get energy quickly
Function
-
Found in all the cells in your body
-
Primary source of energy
Sources
-
Plants make sugar via photosynthesis
-
Fruits, breads, cereals
Disaccharides
*Created when two monosaccharide molecules bond together
Function
-
Source of energy once broken into a monosaccharide
Sources
-
Lactose- dairy products
-
Sucrose- table sugar
-
Maltose- sugar cane, sugar beets
Polysaccharides
•
Polymers consisting of several hundred to several thousand
monosaccharide monomers linked together.
•
Structural (building materials to protect organisms) and Storage
(store sugar for cells to use energy) Polysaccharides
Function
-
Energy source in plants
-
Plants store excess sugar molecules as starch in their roots and stems
Sources
-Bread, Pasta, and potatoes (wheat products)
Lipids

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Steroids
Lipids are a diverse group of macromolecules with one property in
common: they do not dissolve in water (nonpolar).
Triglycerides
* Glycerol and Three fatty acids- Saturated contains all the hydrogen atoms
it possibly can. Unsaturated has one or more double bonded carbons.
Function
-
Absorbs fat soluble vitamins
-
Energy source
-
Insulation for body
-
Precursor to hormones
Sources
- Animal meat, butter, oil, cheese
What’s the deal with Trans
Fat??
Scientists have discovered how to convert vegetable oils into solid fats.
This is useful in products such as shortening and peanut butter,
where separation of oil is undesirable.

Trans-fatty acids are found in fried food, commercial baked goods,
processed foods and margarine

Technique called hydrogenation adds hydrogen to the fatty acids of
oils- creating Trans Fats.
Trans Fat
Phospholipids
* Glycerol and two fatty acids. Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic
tail
Function
-
Component in cell membranes
Sources
- Plants and animals
Phospholipids
Phospholipids
Steroids

Lipids that have four interconnected carbon rings. Cholesterol is a
steroid that is a key part of animal cell membranes.

Commercially produced steroids can be used to treat consitions such
as asthma.
Coronary Angioplasty

It is a medical procedure used to open narrowed or clogged blood
vessels of the heart
Protein
*Proteins control what enters of leaves a cell, carry oxygen in blood,
aid in blood clotting, build hair and nails, suport body tissues,
break apart food molecules, allow muscles to contract, and
participate in countless other processes.
*Illness and death can result if even one type of protein is missing!
*Protein is a polymer made up of monomers called amino acids

Each amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to four other atoms
or groups of atoms.

The four groups are:
-
A hydrogen atom
-
A carboxyl group
-
An amino group
-
A side chain, also called an R group
*There are 22 different R groups, so there are 22 different types of amino
acids that make up proteins.
Proteins

Amino Acids link together to with special
bonds called peptide bonds. AS a result, a
long chain of amino acids is called a
polypeptide.

Once formed, a polypeptide forms a threedimensional shape and is called a protein. A
protein may consist of one or more
polypeptide chains.
Proteins
Function
-
Make enzymes
-
Build cell structures
-
Help regulate chemical activities in the cell
Sources
- Your body makes some proteins (hair, skin, enzymes)
- chicken, tuna, eggs, nuts
Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA- polymers that consist of monomers called nucleotides
Function
- Stores hereditary information (DNA)
-
participates in protein synthesis (RNA)
Source
- In cells
Text Work
*Answer the following questions in the text
*Complete the Blame your brain reading and questions. To be handed
in tomorrow.