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(1 pt for order; 1 pt ea for what gets added = 6 pts) organism + more organisms of the same species = population population + all the organisms in an area that interact = community community + abiotic factors = ecosystem ecosystem + similar ecosystems with same climate and landscape = biome biome + all organisms on earth and their interactions with the environment = biosphere (1 pt for 3 correct answers on each = 2 pts) biotic – parasites, predators, prey, disease, competition, availability of producers abiotic – elevation, condition of soil, amount of precipitation, amount of sunshine… 1 pt sun supplies most of the energy to the earth 2 pts ea (1 for correct def, 1 for correct ex. = 6 pts) mutualism: symbiosis in which both species benefit. ex: sunfish and smaller fish that eat the parasites off them commensalism – symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. ex: bird nests in tree; cameleon is camouflaged in bush parasitism – symbiosis in which one organism benefits (parasite) and the other, usually a larger orgaism (host) is harmed. ex: tick (parasite) sucks blood from a mammal (host) 2 pts The energy is taken by the organism that gets it and used for life functions. 1 pt 10% 2 pts: 1 for correct method, 1 for correct answer 5000 x .1 = 500 x .1 = 50 x .1 = 5 cal The arrows represent transfer of energy from one organism to the next. (1 pt) If a snake eats a mouse, the arrow should go from the mouse to the snake, since the mouse passes its energy to the snake. (1 pt) 2 pts for a well constructed answer A food web is a bunch of interconnected food chains. A food chain shows just one pathway for energy to be transferred, while a food web shows the many pathways for energy transfer in a community. 2 pts for a well constructed answer If a top predator is removed from an ecosystem, the effect can be devastating to the entire balance of the ecosystem. The large herbivores population will boom, and they in turn will eat up the producers, which will affect the smaller herbivores that rely on the producers. Ultimately, all the organisms in the food web will be affected and the populations will shift dramatically. The lack of a top predator leads to an unhealthy ecosystem. 2 pts for a well constructed answer An ecosystem must have a broad and varied producer base to support many trophic levels above it. The smaller the amout of energy available at the producer level, the lower the amount of trophic levels the ecosystem can support above it. This is why deserts, even though they get plenty of sunshine, have so few animals – because the conditions are too dry to support many plants. 1 pt Energy leaves a food chain as heat. Even decomposers produce heat – this is why compost piles and landfills produce steam. 5 pts first producers; then herbivores, followed by omnivores, and finally, carnivores. Of course decomposers can eat at any level. 2 pts for a well constructed answer A habitat is where an organism lives, that provides the needs for the organism. The niche is the special role the organism plays, the food it eats, the resources it uses for shelter, the organisms that feed on it, etc., within its habitat. 2 pts for a well constructed answer This is competition. In a severely competitive situation, one species will die off. Species tend to avoid competitive situations over time. ex: hawk hunts by day and owl hunts same type of prey by night. ex: different species of birds nest in different specific levels of the same type of tree. Plants absorb carbon in the form of CO2 and use to produce glucose, an energy rich compound. (photosynthesis) 2 pts Combustion of fossil fuels, wood, peat and other carbon compounds. Deforestation reduces the number of plants that can absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. cellular respiration (1 pt) 2 pts for a well constructed answer There are special nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in nodules (little bumps) on plant (legumes) roots. These bacteria and the plants have a mutualistic relationship. The bacteria get a place to live and also absorb some of the nutrients produced by the plants’ leaves and sent to the roots. The plants get the nitrogen fixed. Legumes include clovers, beans, & soy. 1 pt Nitrogen is an element in all 20 amino acids. So nitrogen is used to make amino acids which are used to make proteins. Also, nitrogen is an element in the nitrogen bases, the steps of the DNA ladder. Carbon is combusted by decomposers and returned as CO2 gas through cellular respiration, or the carbon compounds sink into the earth and remain there for long periods. 2 pts for a well constructed answer Nitrogen compounds cycle back through the soil and are taken back up through plants, or they are returned to their gas form by special archaea in a process called denitrification. 2 pts for a well constructed answer Water is also a waste product of cellular respiration. 1 pt Both (1 pt) 2 pts for a well constructed answer The process of establishing new life in an area where the ecosystem has to “start over” due to a natural (forest fire, lava flow, etc) or unnatural (agriculture, deforestation, etc) event. Primary succession has to start by building up soil, as after a lava flow from a volcano. (1 pt) Secondary succession already has soil to begin, as after an area that has been used for crops is allowed to go back to nature. (1 pt) 5 pts lichen, moss and other nonvascular low plants, ferns and other small plants, small bushes and shrubs, small trees, and finally the larger trees of the climax community that are well adapted to the area. 2 pts for a well constructed answer The environment is changing all the time. Communities are in a constant state of flux. The only permanent thing is change.