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UNIT 3: Insider/Outsider
Chapter 6: Groups and Formal Organizations
Chapter 7: Deviance and Social Control
Standard: Students will explain and
interpret the influence of social groups on
individual/group behavior and assess how
social inequalities may affect changes in
society.
Types of Groups and Networks
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A group is at least two people who have one
or more goals in common and share common
ways of thinking and behaving.
A social category is made up of people who
share a social characteristic.
A social aggregate is made up of people
temporarily in the same place at the same
time.
A primary group are people who are
emotionally close, know one another well,
and seek one another’s company.
Primary relationships are characterized by
interactions that are intimate, personal,
caring and fulfilling.
Secondary groups are people who share only
part of their lives while focusing on a goal or
a task.
Secondary relationships are characterized by
impersonal interactions involving limited
parts of personalities.
A reference group is a group use for selfevaluation and the formation of attitudes,
values, beliefs and norms.
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In-groups are exclusive groups demanding
intense loyalty.
Out-groups are groups targeted by an ingroup for opposition, antagonism, or
competition.
A social network is a web of social
relationships that join a person to other
people in a group. A social network is not a
group!
Answer question 20 on page 198. Be
prepared to discuss your answer.
Read “School Violence and Social Networks”
and answer the question on page 180. Be
prepared to discuss your answer. We will
watch a movie based on the Columbine
tragedy at the end of this unit.
Read “Bullies and Their Victims” and answer
the questions on page 201. Be prepared to
discuss your answers.
Read “Group Pressure and Obedience” and
answer the questions on page 189. Be
prepared to discuss your answers.
Watch “My Kid Would Never Bully”
(Dateline)
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032600/vp
/41928090#41928090
Types of Social Interactions
Cooperation
Conflict
Social Exchange
• Interaction in
which
individuals or
groups combine
their efforts to
reach a goal.
• Interaction
aimed at
defeating an
opponent.
• Conflict usually
promotes
cooperation and
unity within
opposing
groups.
• Conflict can
draw attention
to social
inequalities and
also help people
to change
norms, beliefs
and values.
• A voluntary
action
performed with
the expectation
of getting a
reward in
return.
• The focus is on
the reward as
opposed to the
relationship—
What’s in it for
me?
Coercion
• Interaction in
which an
individual or
groups are
forced to
behave in a
particular way.
Conformity
• Behavior that
matches group
expectations.
• Groupthink is
self-deceptive
thinking that is
based on
conformity to a
group’s beliefs
and that is
created by
group pressure
to conform.
Formal Organizations
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A formal organization is a group
deliberately formed to achieve one or
more long term goals.
A bureaucracy is a formal
organization that is based on
rationality and efficiency.
Characteristics of a bureaucracy
include:
– A division of labor based on the
principal of specialization.
– A hierarchy of authority.
– A system of rules and procedures.
– Written records of work and activities.
– Promotion on the basis of merit and
qualifications.
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Informal organizations are groups
within a formal organization in which
personal relationships are guided by
norms, rituals and sentiments that
are not part of the formal
organization.
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The Iron Law of Oligarchy is the
theory that power increasingly
becomes concentrated in the hands
of a few members of any
organization.
– Organizations need a hierarchy of
authority to delegate decision making.
– The advantages held by those at the top
allow them to consolidate and increase
their powers.
– Other members of the organization
tend to defer to leaders—to give in to
those who take charge.
Deviance and Social Control
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Deviance is behavior that departs
from societal or group norms.
Negative deviance involves behavior
that underconforms to accepted
norms.
Positive deviance involves behavior
that overconforms to social
expectations.
A deviant is a person who breaks
significant societal or group norms.
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Social control is ways to encourage
conformity to social norms.
Internal social control lies within the
individual and is developed during
the socialization process.
External social control depends on
formal or informal sanctions.
Social sanctions are rewards and
punishments that encourage
conformity to social norms.
Read “Murder Among the Cheyenne”
and answer the question on page
208. Be prepared to discuss your
answers with the class.
Schools of Thought on Deviance
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Functionalists believe that deviance can be
both positive and negative.
The negative effects include eroding trust,
inspiring deviant behavior in others and
diverting resources from other aspects of
society.
The positive effects include clarifying norms
and providing a safety valve when problems
arise.
An anomie is a social condition where norms
are weak, conflicting or absent.
Strain theory is a belief that deviance is
more likely to occur when a gap exists
between cultural goals and the ability to
achieve these goals by legitimate means.
Ways that individuals cope with strain
include innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and
rebellion.
Control theory is a belief that compliance
with social norms require strong bonds
between individuals and society.
Social bonds include attachment,
commitment, involvement and belief.
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The symbolic interactionist perspective yields
two theories of deviance.
The differential association theory contends
that the individual learns deviance in
proportion to the number of deviant acts
they were exposed to.
The labeling theory contends that society
creates deviance by indentifying particular
members as deviant.
Primary deviance involves the occasional
breaking of norms that is not a part of a
person’s lifestyle or self-concept.
Secondary deviance occurs when an
individual’s life and identity are organized
around breaking society’s norms.
A stigma is an undesirable trait or label that
is used to characterize an individual.
Crime and Punishment
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Supporters of the conflict theory believe that
minorities receive unequal treatment in the
criminal justice system.
Victim discounting is the process of reducing
the seriousness of crimes that injure people
of lower social status.
White collar crimes are job-related crimes
committed by high-status people.
Read “Look Out for Identity Thieves” and
answer the question on page 228.
Watch “The Madoff Affair” (PBS Frontline)
for an example of white collar crime.
http://video.pbs.org/video/1122731028
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Measurement of Crime
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Juvenile Crime
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The FBI publishes Uniformed Crime Reports
(UCR) that track the number of murders,
forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault,
larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson and
hate crimes.
The National Crime Victimization Survey
(NCVS) uses scientific methods to document
underreported crimes.
Juvenile crime is a crime committed by a
minor; Juvenile delinquency includes
deviances that are not crimes in the adult
world.
Juvenile crime has been decreasing, possibly
because of less crack use, harsher sentences
and efforts to reduce the number of guns in
communities.
Approaches to Crime Control
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Does punishment discourage crime?
Do Americans believe capital punishment
deters criminals?
Why do attitudes toward the death penalty
vary?
What is retribution?
Why does society keep criminals in prisons?
Do prisons rehabilitate criminals?
What are some alternatives to prison?
Will any of these alternatives work?