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The Crusades
AD 1095-1290s
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
WHAT WERE THE CAUSES AND
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES? CAN
THE IMPACT OF THE CRUSADES
STILL BE SEEN TODAY?
Periods of Byzantine Empire
Islamic expansion
CRUSADES
– Definition:
• Crusades: Holy War
– The Two Sides:
• Christians from Europe
• Muslim Turks from Middle East
The First Crusade
• Background:
–Causes:
• Byzantine Emperor asked Pope for help
• Byzantine empire was besieged by Muslim
armies
– Byzantine empire lost half its land to Muslim
armies by 1071
• Holy Land closed to Christian pilgrims(person
who goes on a religious journey) by Islamic
empire
• Free eastern Christians from Islamic Empire
• Keep Europe Christian
The Crusades
• The Crusades were an
attempt by the
European Church to
“reclaim the Holy
Land”
• Jerusalem had been
conquered by Arabs
around 640 AD
• 1095 Pope Urban calls
for first Crusade
The First Crusade
• Two Groups went to fight the 1st Crusade:
– People’s Crusade: 1096
• Made up of untrained and illiterate mostly peasants with
some knights.
• Lacked military discipline and knowledge and were
massacred in Asia Minor by the Turks.
• Main Crusader Armies:
– Left Europe in Aug 1096.
– Gathered in Constantinople in Nov.
– 30-35,000 crusaders
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• After victory many Christians went back
home
• The Turks eventually took back much of
the territory
• King of France and Emperor of Germany
sent troops to stop the Turks
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• Saladin leads the
Muslim Turks to
victory, defeating
the Christians
• He was considered a very
wise ruler. He was known for
his sometimes kind treatment
of fallen enemies. Many
Christians saw him as a model
of knightly chivalry.
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
• Led by King Richard I
• Won back many
cities/territories from
Saladin
• Failed to capture
Jerusalem  leads to
the Fourth Crusade
Crusades Continue Through 1200’s
• Several more crusades attempted with no
victories for the Christians
• Children’s crusade, - 30,000 soldiers many of them under 12 years old – Never
made it to the Holy Land
• Crusades end around 1285
Results of the Crusades
• I.F. Turks Traveled they would Trade
• I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers
• F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or
spend too much money on military.
• T = Turks still rule the Holy Land
• T = Travel – Europeans want to travel more
• T = Trade – Europeans want product from the East
such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.
Aftermath
• Victory in 1st Crusade was short lived.
– Within 50 years, Muslim armies reconquered Jerusalem
• The 1st Crusade would be the only
victory for the European Christian
armies.
• Succeeding crusades failed to win any
territory; including a “Children’s Crusade”
The Crusades Conclusion
• At Least 8 Crusades
• Effects of Crusades:
– Increased dislike among Jews, Christians
and Muslims
– Pope and lords lost power
– Kings gained Power
– Trade with Asia and Middle East reborn
– Interest in exploration