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4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Cells and Energy Material on Midterm and Keystone Module A 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP ELIGIBLE CONTENT • BIO.A.1.2.1 Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. • BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization. • BIO.A.3.1.1 Describe the fundamental roles of chloroplasts and mitochondria in energy transformations. • BIO.A.3.2.1 Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • BIO.A.3.2.2 Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. • All cells need some kind of energy! – The energy usually turns low-energy reactants into high-energy products 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. • All cells need some kind of energy! – Adenosine trip phosphate (ATP) is the “currency of the cell” for energy adenosine tri=3 triphosphate 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. – Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. – ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added. Via DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS phosphate removed via HYDROLYSIS 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. – ATP can be thought of as a fully charged battery ready to do work – ADP can be thought of a battery that needs to be recharged 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Multiple choice question Eligible Content: BIO.A.3.2.2 Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions. • Which comparison between ATP and ADP is correct? A ATP stores less chemical energy than ADP and phosphate B ATP stores more chemical energy than ADP and phosphate C Less energy is used to form ATP than is released from ATP hydrolysis D More energy is used to form ATP than is released from ATP hydrolysis 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. • Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. – Called chemical energy • This chemical energy can be converted into the chemical energy of ATP • Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. – 36 ATP/1 molecule glucose • Fats store the most energy – 146 ATP/molecule • Proteins are not usually broken down for energy 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. • Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight. • In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules. – similar to photosynthesis – uses chemical energy instead of light energy 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. • The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Requires oxygen and fuel (glucose) – Produces carbon dioxide and water, and ATP (energy) • Converts chemical energy from one form (sugar) to another (ATP) 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. • Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen. • There are three stages – Glycolysis – Citric Acid cycle / Kreb’s Aerobic stages – Electron transport chain take place in mitochondria. mitochondrion animal cell 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis must take place first. – anaerobic process (does not require oxygen) – takes place in cytoplasm – splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules – Literally means “sugar splitting” – produces two NET ATP molecules – 2 invested; 4 produced pyruvic acid 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis. • The aerobic portions take place in the mitochondria – 2 membranes - Outer: separates mitochondrion from rest of cell - Inner: folded over (folds are called cristae) to create high surface area · Reactions occur here – Matrix - Fluid inside · Reactions occur here 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration Constructed response question Eligible Content: BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization. • Explain how the structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane aids in the function of the mitochondrion. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis. • The Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain. Krebs Cycle 1 mitochondrion ATP – takes place in matrix matrix (area enclosed and by inner membrane) 6CO 2 – breaks down three-carbon molecules from glycolysis energy – makes a small amount of ATP – releases carbon dioxide – transfers energy-carrying molecules – Builds up H+ in matrix 2 3 energy from glycolysis and 6O2 inner membrane ATP and 6H2 O 4 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration • The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP. – takes place in inner membrane – energy transferred to electron transport chain – oxygen enters process – ATP produced due to H+ flow and ATP synthase protein – water released as a waste product 1 mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) ATP and 6CO2 energy 2 3 energy from glycolysis inner membrane and 6O2 ATP and 6H2 O 4 Electron Transport 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis. • Each stage of aerobic respiration “wrings out” glucose to produce a little more ATP Stage Description Number of ATP per glucose 1- Glycolysis Glucose is broken down. 2 2- Citric Acid Cycle/ Kreb’s Cycle Carbon compounds are converted over to CO2. 2 3- Electron Transport ATP synthase produces ATP 32-34 Total 36-38 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Review Chart Glycolysis What goes in (reactant)? What comes out (product)? Where does it occur? Citric acid cycle/Kreb’s Cycle Electron transport chain 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration • The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O • The reactants in cellular respiration are the same as the products of photosynthesis. 4.6 Fermentation Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue. • Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. • Fermentation is an anaerobic process. – occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration – does not produce ATP 4.6 Fermentation • Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. – NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis • Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria. – Pyruvic acid enters lactic acid fermentation – Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid – NAD+ created goes back to glycolysis 4.6 Fermentation The muscle “burn” – High intensity exercise demands more O2 – When the body is low on O2, it will switch to lactic acid fermentation as a survival mechanism – When your body tries to deal with the lactic acid, your pH drops and causes the “burn” 4.6 Fermentation Why do you get hot and sweaty? – When exercising, you are breaking bonds to release energy – During an energy transformation, some energy is ALWAYS lost to heat – When your body temperature increases too much, you sweat to maintain homeostasis. 4.6 Fermentation Fermentation and its products are important in several ways. • Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. – Pyruvate enters alcoholic fermentation – Pyruvic acid is split into alcohol and CO2 – Created NAD+ goes back to glycolysis 4.6 Fermentation Fermentation is used for food production Alcoholic Lactic acid 4.6 Fermentation Multiple choice question Eligible Content: BIO.A.3.2.2 Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions. • Which types of respiration are useful in increasing the amount of gas bubbles most in a food product? A Lactic acid fermentation B Alcoholic fermentation C Aerobic respiration and lactic acid fermentation D Aerobic respiration and alcoholic fermentation 4.6 Fermentation Respiration Flow Chart 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthetic organisms are producers. • Producers make their own source of chemical energy. • We can also call them autotrophs • Photosynthesis transfers light (solar energy) into chemical energy 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis • Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy. chloroplast • In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts. leaf cell leaf 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis • The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O –—— C6H12O6 + 6O2 granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast 6H2O thylakoid 6CO2 3 6O2 2 energy (fluid outside stroma the thylakoids) 1 six-carbon sugar 4 C6H12O6 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis • How do materials get in the leaves? – Little openings on the underside of a leaf called stoma (stomata pl.) – Specialized guard cells open and close for gas exchange for photosynthesis to occur 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Constructed response question Eligible Content: BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization. • When temperatures become too warm, leaves close their stomata to conserve water. How will high temperature most likely affect the rate of photosynthesis? 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts. • Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts. – Thylakoids - Membranes where chlorophyll is - Stack is called a granum grana (thylakoids) chloroplast – Stroma - Fluid surrounding grana stroma 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis • The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight. – – – – take place in thylakoids water and sunlight are needed chlorophyll absorbs energy energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions – oxygen is released by splitting water – “photolysis” 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis • The light-independent reactions make sugars. Aka Calvin Cycle – take place in stroma – needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere – use energy from light-dependent reactions to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions – Uses Hydrogen atoms and electrons from water in first stage 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Constructed response question Eligible Content: BIO.A.3.2.1 Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • Scientists supply plants with special water molecules containing a heavier-than-usual oxygen isotope, oxygen18. Which of the products of photosynthesis would contain the isotope? Explain. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Review Chart Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions What goes in (reactant)? Water (light energy) Carbon dioxide What comes out (product)? Oxygen Glucose Where does it occur? Thylakoid membrane of Stroma of chloroplast chloroplast Where does it get its energy? From light From the light reactions 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Review Chart Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions What goes in (reactant)? Water (light energy) Carbon dioxide What comes out (product)? Oxygen Glucose Where does it occur? Thylakoid membrane of Stroma of chloroplast chloroplast Where does it get its energy? From light From the light reactions 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis • The equation for the overall process is: • The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Multiple choice question Eligible Content: BIO.A.3.2.1 Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • Which of the following best explains the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? A Both produce carbon dioxide and oxygen. B Both require energy from sunlight to occur. C The products of one are the reactants of the other. D A plant can carry out either one process or the other, not both