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The Crusades
AD 1095-1290s
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
WHAT WERE THE CAUSES AND
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES? CAN
THE IMPACT OF THE CRUSADES
STILL BE SEEN TODAY?
Periods of Byzantine Empire
Islamic expansion
CRUSADES
–  Definition:
•  Crusades: Holy War
–  The Two Sides:
•  Christians from Europe
•  Muslim Turks from Middle East
The First Crusade
•  Background:
– Causes:
•  Byzantine Emperor asked Pope for help
•  Byzantine empire was besieged by Muslim
armies
– Byzantine empire lost half its land to Muslim
armies by 1071
•  Holy Land closed to Christian pilgrims(person
who goes on a religious journey) by Islamic
empire
•  Free eastern Christians from Islamic Empire
•  Keep Europe Christian
The Crusades
•  The Crusades were an
attempt by the
European Church to
“reclaim the Holy
Land”
•  Jerusalem had been
conquered by Arabs
around 640 AD
•  1095 Pope Urban calls
for first Crusade
The First Crusade
•  Two Groups went to fight the 1st Crusade:
–  People’s Crusade: 1096
•  Made up of untrained and illiterate mostly peasants with
some knights.
•  Lacked military discipline and knowledge and were
massacred in Asia Minor by the Turks.
•  Main Crusader Armies:
–  Left Europe in Aug 1096.
–  Gathered in Constantinople in Nov.
–  30-35,000 crusaders
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
•  After victory many Christians went back
home
•  The Turks eventually took back much of
the territory
•  King of France and Emperor of Germany
sent troops to stop the Turks
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
•  Saladin leads the
Muslim Turks to
victory, defeating
the Christians
•  He was considered a very
wise ruler. He was known for
his sometimes kind treatment
of fallen enemies. Many
Christians saw him as a model
of knightly chivalry.
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
•  Led by King Richard I
•  Won back many
cities/territories from
Saladin
•  Failed to capture
Jerusalem à leads to
the Fourth Crusade
Crusades Continue Through 1200’s
•  Several more crusades attempted with no
victories for the Christians
•  Children’s crusade, - 30,000 soldiers many of them under 12 years old – Never
made it to the Holy Land
•  Crusades end around 1285
Results of the Crusades
•  I.F. Turks Traveled they would Trade
•  I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers
•  F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or
spend too much money on military.
•  T = Turks still rule the Holy Land
•  T = Travel – Europeans want to travel more
•  T = Trade – Europeans want product from the East
such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.
Aftermath
•  Victory in 1st Crusade was short lived.
–  Within 50 years, Muslim armies reconquered Jerusalem
•  The 1st Crusade would be the only
victory for the European Christian
armies.
•  Succeeding crusades failed to win any
territory; including a “Children’s Crusade”
The Crusades Conclusion
•  At Least 8 Crusades
•  Effects of Crusades:
–  Increased dislike among Jews, Christians
and Muslims
–  Pope and lords lost power
–  Kings gained Power
–  Trade with Asia and Middle East reborn
–  Interest in exploration