Download Final Exam reviewsheet 1415

Honors Biology Final Exam Review Guide
How to Study for the Exam
1. Review the major concepts in each Unit and Unit Summary
2. Determine the areas you need the most review on and review worksheets and study guides for these areas
3. Review the Fall exam Review sheet
4. Go over this review sheet and use it as a guide to see what you know and what you don’t.
* Cross off the questions you feel confident you know the answers to, only look up the answers to the
questions you can’t cross off.
1. Be able to define/identify each of the following:
Problem
Gametes
Hypothesis
Zygote
Control group
Embryo
Independent
Fertilization
variable
Homologous
Dependent variable
chromosome
Qualitative data
Crossing over
Quantitative data
Tetrad
metabolism
Autotroph
homeostasis
Heterotroph
Diffusion
Decomposer
Osmosis
Carnivore
Active transport
Omnivore
Endocytosis
Herbivore
Exocytosis
Biology
Hypertonic
Abiotic
Hypotonic
Biotic
Isotonic
Coevolution
Nucleus
Heterozygous
Cell membrane
Homozygous
Cell wall
Allele
Vacuole
Phenotype
Lysosome
Genotype
Endoplasmic
Incomplete
reticulum
dominance
Golgi body
Co-dominance
Ribosome
Crossing over
Mitochondria
Autosome
Chloroplast
Karyotype
Interphase
Sex Chromosome
G1
Prokaryote
S
Eukaryote
G2
Plasmid
Mitosis
Vector
Haploid
DNA
Diploid
RNA
Point mutation
Frameshift
mutation
Restriction enzymes
Gene Therapy
Speciation
G1 Checkpoint
G2 Checkpoint
M Checkpoint
Apoptosis
Substrate
Product
Enzyme
Active Site
Transport Protein
Receptor
Phospolipid
Central Vacuole
Polar
Non Polar
Stem Cell
Organic Molecule
Protein
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
Amino Acid
Monosaccharide
Nucleotide
Fatty Acid –
Saturated and
Unsaturated
fermentation
cellular respiration
NAD+
electron transport
chain
glycolysis Krebs
cycle
acetyl CoA
ATP synthase
chemiosmosis
lactic acid
fermentation
anaerobic
NADP+
photosynthesis
aerobic
alcohol fermentation
chlorophyll
light reactions
visible light
Calvin cycle
photosystem II
Rubisco
photosystem I
stroma
Karyotype
Heterozygous
Nitrogen Base
mRNA
Transcription
gametes
Meiosis
Homozygous
Hydrogen Bonds
tRNA
Translation
Haploid
Homologous
Chromosome
nucleotide
Codons
Alleles
Nucleus
Gene Therapy
Anti-codon
Ribosome
Recessive
Primer
Amino Acid
Dominant
Lagging strand
Gene Linkage
Diploid
Crossing Over
Leading strand
Gram Positive/Neg.
Chromosome
peptide bond
PCR
Reverse
DNA
semi-conservative
Sticky Ends
Transcriptase
Genes
Protein
Telomere
Peptidoglycan
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Important Scientists to know
1. Watson and Crick
8. Griffith
2. Gregor Mendel
5. Carl Linneus
9. Franklin
3. Charles Darwin
6. Lammarck
10. Chargaff
4. Alfred Russel Wallace
7: Hershey and Chase
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Processes to know (Make sure to know pictures that describe these processes)
Photosynthesis
Osmosis
Meiosis
Cellular Respiration
How Punnet squares work
Enzyme Action
Transcription
Evolution Through Natural
How GMO’s are created
Translation
Selection
How Gel Electrophoresis
Diffusion
Mitosis
works
_____________________________________________________________________
Be able to draw storyboards for the following:
Enzyme actions
Natural Selection
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
Protein Synthesis
Skills
Be able to demonstrate the following skills:
Justify conclusions with data
Design an experiment
Analyze data and evaluate the evidence provided by data sets
Use models to communicate scientific ideas
Demonstrate understanding of scientific literature
Questions that address Major concepts
Part I
1. What is a stimulus? What is a response?
2. What are the different types of microscopes? Which one did we use in class? Why didn’t we use the others?
3. What is the difference between the independent and dependent variable?
4. When viewing something under the microscope, can you see more of the slide under the low power objective or
under the high power objective?
5. What did we use methylene blue for?
6. What are the steps to make a wet mount?
7. Why are constants important in an experiment?
8. How many independent variables are you allowed to have in an experiment and why?
9. Explain the procedure for focusing something under the microscope.
Defining Characteristics
Benefit to the Earth
a. Kingdom
Animalia
b. Kingdom
Plantae
c. Kingdom
Fungi
d. Kingdom
Protista
e. Domain
Bacteria
f. Domain
Archaea
10. What distinguishes the Eukarya domain from the Bacteria and Archaea domain?
11. a. From most diverse to most specific, what are the 7 steps to the Linnean classification system? b. Where
does the scientific name come from? c. Which indicates a closer relationship, a. being in the same family but having
different genus’s, or b. being in the same genus, but being in a different family?
12. What is speciation? How do you know that it has occurred?
13. What are the 3 main points that make up the theory of evolution through natural selection?
14. Who came up with the theory of evolution through natural selection?
15. Give 5 pieces of evidence that scientists use to support the theory of evolution through natural selection.
16. How do organisms evolve to their environment? (How do populations change?)
17. What are 4 characteristics that make something be considered living?
18. Why have we in this class considered viruses not living?
19. What is the difference between a theory, hypothesis, and a fact/law?
20. Why is preserving biodiversity important to life on earth?
21 You want to find out if the amount of time it takes to complete a test affects test scores.
a. What is your independent variable? What is your dependent variable? What things would you keep constant?
b. What qualitative data would you collect? What quantitative data would you collect?
22. What are the two types of cells? What is the difference between them?
23. What types of cells have cell membranes? What does the cell membrane do?
24. What is it called when we keep the internal environment of the cell the same?
25. What are the three functions a cell needs to perform? What organelles are needed to perform each function?
26. Compare and contrast Plant and Animal cells
27. What are two differences between active and passive transport?
28. Describe the arrangement of the cell membrane. (pictures are acceptable) Label the polar parts, non polar
parts, and transport parts.
29. What are two ways endocytosis and osmosis are different?
30. What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
31. What would happen to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution? What would happen to a cell placed in a hypertonic
solution?
Part II.
1. What is synthesized in the Synthesis phase? Why is this important?
2. What is the goal of mitosis?
3. What are three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
4. Why are cells small?
5. What makes a molecule organic?
6. What are enzymes? How do enzymes speed up reactions? Why is the shape of the enzyme important? What
are factors that affect enzyme function? Why do these factors affect enzyme function?
7. Do all cells divide at the same rate? Are all the cells in your body constantly dividing?
8. How might cancer and stem cells be related?
9. What is the difference between polar and non-polar molecules?
10 Where does all energy originate from?
11. How does the energy get transferred from organism to organism?
12. Where do the plants ultimately store the sun’s energy?
13. What is the energy difference between carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?
14. What is ATP; What are the 3 main parts of ATP; Where is the energy stored in an ATP molecule
15. What does photosynthesis use the energy from the sun to do; What is used to absorb energy from the sun
16. Why is chlorophyll green
17. What are the parts of the chloroplast; Where is chlorophyll found inside the chloroplast.
18.
Photosynthesis
Organelle Involved
Where the ETC is
Cycle involved and what
the goal of the cycle is
Reactants (what must go
in)
Main Product Desired
Waste Product and what
part it is produced in.
High Energy Carriers
19. What process do cells use to break down sugar when there is no oxygen available?
Cellular Respiration
20. Why do cells have to make the alcohol or lactic acid during Fermentation? What else is released?
21. What gets broken down during glycolysis; What gets produced during glycolysis
22. How much ATP, NADH, and FADH2 gets produced during glycolysis;
23. Where does the Krebs cycle take place What gets broken down during the Krebs cycle; what step of cellular
respiration produced this material? What gas is given off during the Krebs cycle? How much ATP NADH; FADH2
gets produced during the Krebs cycle;
24. Where does the electron transport chain of cellular respiration take place What does the electron transport
chain use to make ATP How does ATP synthase work to make ATP in chemiosmosis? (In the ETC?) How is Oxygen
used in the ETC? How many ATP are produced during the electron transport chain
25. What is the net total ATP produced as a result of cellular respiration
26. Draw a chloroplast, label the important structures, and what takes place in each structure
27 Draw a mitochondria, label the important structures, and what takes place in each structure
28. Where is the ETC located in photosynthesis? Where is it in Cell respiration?
29. Starting with the sun, draw the chain of events that produce 38 ATP. Be sure to include the organelles that
these occur in, the places in the organelles each part occurs in, and that all energy carriers are listed.
30. Consider the following food chain:
Grass → Insects → Bird → Coyote
Which organism will have the most biomass? What does the direction of the arrows show? Which organism will
have the most energy? If I sprayed a pesticide in this chain, which organisms will be affected the most? How
much energy is transferred from the insect to the bird? What is the producer in this diagram? What is the
secondary consumer? If there were 1000 insects, how many birds could there be? What is missing at the end of
the food chain? Why is this part important?
31. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
32. Name the three differences between RNA and DNA.
33. What is produced in DNA replication?
34. What is produced in transcription? Where does this occur?
35. What is produced in translation? Where does this occur?
Here is a DNA sequence:
TACCCTACGTCAACATGC
36. Write the base sequence for the complementary strand of DNA.
37. Write the base sequence for the mRNA strand that will be produced during transcription.
38. Separate the mRNA strand into codons. Write the sequence of amino acids coded for by the mRNA codons.
39. What do we call the chain of amino acids coded for by translation?
40. What contributions did the following scientists make in the discovery of DNA? Griffith, Avery, Hershey and
Chase, Franklin, Chargaff, Watson and Crick
41. Describe the process of DNA replication. In your description include the following concepts: lagging strand,
leading strand, 5’, 3’, nucleotides, semi-conservative, DNA Polymerase, DNA Ligase.
42. Draw a molecule of DNA with the sequence TCGGA
Part III
1. At the end of meiosis, how many cells have been formed?
2. a. What are represented on the sides of a punnett square? b. What are represented in the boxes of a punnett
square? c. Why do we only put 1 letter on each box on the side of the punnett square?
3. In rabbits the allele for black coat color (B) is dominant over the allele for brown coat color (b). What is the
genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio be for a cross between an animal homozygous for black coat color and one
homozygous for brown coat color?
4. Two short haired guinea pigs are mated several times. Out of 100 offspring, 25 of them have long hair. What are
the probable genotypes of the parents?
5. In certain bacteria, an oval shape is dominant over round and thick cell walls are dominant over thin. Cross a
heterozygous oval, thick cell walled bacteria with a round, thin cell walled bacteria. Describe the phenotype of the
offspring.
6. a. If Y = yellow and y = green, what is the genotype for a heterozygous yellow pea plant? b. If T = Tall and t =
short, what is the genotype of a short plant?
7. During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes cross over?
8. During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes get pulled apart from each other?
9. At the end of meiosis, how many haploid cells have been formed? What are these called?
10. Who was the scientist that first used punnett squares in his research?
11. Tall is dominant to short. Why is it impossible to know for 100% accuracy the genotype of a Tall plant?
12. What are homologous chromosomes?
13. What is the relationship between the following words: Gene, Allele, Chromosome, DNA
14 What was the main thing that happens that causes the end products of meiosis to all be different?
15. Why do sperm and eggs contain only 1 set of chromosomes?
16. What some ways that the DNA and chromosomes can make mistakes?
17. How many chromosomes are in the human genome? How many of each does each person have in each cell?
18. Disorders to know the following about a. inheritance pattern
b. basic symptoms c. if it is more prevalent
in any population a. Hemophilia b. Cystic Fibrosis c. Down’s Syndrome d. Tay-Sachs e. Huntington’s f. Sickle Cell
19. Describe the process of putting a gene in bacteria
20. How is changing the genetics of a bacteria different from a plant and animal?
21. Describe the process of cloning an organism.
22. Give examples of Transgenic organisms/GMO’s
23. If a green frog and a white frog mated and produced a frog with green and white spots, what type of
inheritance pattern is this?
24. What % of offspring will be pink from a cross between a red and pink flower? (Incomplete dominance)
25. In flies, eye color is a sex linked trait. Red Eyes are dominant to White eyes. If a female fruit fly
heterozygous for red eyes crossed with a white-eyed male. a. what percent of their offspring would have white
eyes; b. what percentage of males would have white eyes; c. what percentage of females would have white eyes?
26. Why are the sex chromosomes not homologous?
27. If a male with red/green color blindness marries a woman who is heterozygous for normal vision, what are their
chances of producing a son who is color blind? What are their chances of producing a daughter who is color blind?
28 What is the difference between polygenic inheritance and multiple alleles?
29. How is polygenic inheritance different from epistasis?
30. If a man and woman have 5 boys, what are the chances their next child will be a boy?
31. a. Describe what blood type is. b. What is the difference between the 4 different blood types both
genetically and phenotypically? c. Which blood types can give to the others?
32. A homozygous A man has a baby with a woman with O blood. They have a baby whose blood type is also O. Is
this possible?
33. a. Describe the process of gel electrophoresis.
34. What are some ways Restriction enzymes are being used?
35. What is the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria? How does this relate to evolution?
36. a. How does Gene Therapy work? b. What disorders are being helped because of this?
37. a. How closely related are two humans from each other? b. What are the areas in our genome that are
different called?
38. Why does an older mother have a higher chance of having a baby with Down’s syndrome or Turner’s syndrome?
39. A grass species’ height is controlled by 3 genes. The base height of the grass is 2 inches. Each dominant gene
adds 1 inch. How tall would a plant be that is heterozygous for all three genes?
40
41. What are the parts of a typical bacteria?
42. Describe the two ways bacteria reproduce.
43. Is bacteria generally more helpful or harmful. Explain.
44 How do bacteria survive in conditions that are not very good?
45. What are the 3 main groups of Protists?
46. Describe the various movement methods for the Protozoa. Give an example of an organism that uses each.
47. What are two differences between Euglena and Paramecium?
48. What are 2 reasons Protists are different than Bacteria?
49. What are some common uses for Protists?
50. We studied Animal-like, Plant-like, and Fungus-like Protists. Why aren’t these organisms just classified as
Animals, Plants, and Fungus?
it treatable (vaccine, antibiotic, etc) d. how is it transmitted?
51. What part of the flower becomes the fruit? What is the purpose for a fruit? What is the purpose of a
flower?
52. Describe 3 methods of pollination
53. Think about where we see examples of some of the major themes of this course:
The benefit to organisms of increasing surface area
Using scientific methods to test hypotheses
What inferences can we make from our careful observations?
Structure fits function
Evolution through Natural Selection (Survival of the fittest)
The importance of maintaining biodiversity
How a concept relates to the bigger picture of the community, ecosystem, world, etc.
Some Important Diagrams