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Lung Disease Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) Background • Usually found in the lungs as transmitted via droplets in the air. • Infectious disease that is the biggest killer – approx 2 million people per year die from it. • Previously known as consumption. • Pre-WW2 campaign. Causes • Rod shaped bacteria • Myobacterium tuberculosis • Myobacterium bovis • 30% world’s population have one form in their blood stream. Symptoms • Persistent cough • Tiredness • Loss of appetite leading to weight loss • Fever • Coughing up of blood droplets Transmission • Through the air by droplets by sneezing, coughing, laughing esp in crowded places or friends/relatives • Resistant bacterium, can survive many weeks • M bovis infects cattle and can contaminate milk Risk Groups • Living and sleeping in overcrowded conditions • Work or live in long-term care facilities • People from countries where TB is prevalent • Reduced immunity (children/HIV patients/elderly/alcoholic s/homeless/transplant patients/malnourished) Course of infection Early infection Primary Infection (occurs in children) Post-Primary infection (many years later – adults) Can be FATAL Bacteria grow and divide Inflammation and in upper regions of the enlargement of lymph lungs nodes Bacteria re-emerge to cause a 2nd TB infection Phagocytes accumulate at these sites to ingest bacteria Bacteria destroy lung tissue resulting in cavities and scar tissue. Healthy person will control infection in a few weeks but a few bacteria remain Coughs up lung tissue, blood and bacteria, can spread to rest of the body. Prevention and Control of TB • Vaccination of those without immunity – weak strain of M bovis • Better education • Better housing • Improved health facilities • Better nutrition • Drug treatment (6-9 months) • Why has there been an increase of TB recently in developed countries?