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Nature of Disease Introduction - Definitions Normal Bacteria & Host Koch’s Postulates Patterns of Disease Spread of Infection Nosocomial Infections Disease - Introduction Pathogens - disease causing with special properties that permit host invasion Disease - when microorganism overcomes host defenses; an abnormal physiological state Pathology - the study of disease Disease - Introduction Infection - invasion & growth of pathogen in host; systemic vs. localized Pathogenesis – the study of the development of disease Etiology – the study of the cause of disease Disease - Normal Bacteria Animals - germ free in utero but are colonized almost immediately after birth Different bacteria are normally associated with different parts of body Transients - microorganisms that may occasionally be found associated with the host Disease - Normal Bacteria Skin – S. epidermidis/S. aureus Gastrointestinal Tract – Gram negative bacteria (large intestine) – Streptococcus. mutans (mouth) Genito-Urinary Tract – Lactobacillus Disease - Normal Bacteria Antagonism - normal bacteria prevent growth of others Bacteria and host have symbiotic relationship (living together) Three types of symbiosis – Commensalism (one benefits) – Mutalism (both benefit) – Parasitism (one benefits & other harmed) Opportunistic - do not cause disease normally Disease - Koch’s Postulates Etiology or cause established using Koch’s postulates – same pathogen present in every instance of disease – pathogen isolated in pure culture – isolated pathogen causes disease when reintroduced into a healthy host – pathogen re-isolated from the now diseased host Disease - Patterns Predisposing factors make hosts more susceptible & include: – – – – – age gender climate level of fatigue nutrition Disease - Patterns - Development Incubation period - time between infection & first signs Prodromal period - first mild signs Illness period - period when all symptoms are present Decline period Convalescence period Disease - Spread of Infection Reservoirs of Infection – a continuing source of infection Reservoirs include: – Human - people who have disease or are carriers (infected but no symptoms) – Zoonoses - wild or domestic animals that transmit disease to humans – Nonliving - soil & water Disease - Spread of Infection Transmission – Direct contact – Fomites - inanimate objects – Droplet - saliva, mucus coughing or sneezing – Medium - food, water air – Airborne - carried > 1 meter – Arthropod - insect vectors Disease - Nosocomial Infection Acquired during hospitalization or a stay in other health care facilities Occurs at 5-15% Can be normal organisms introduced into wrong part of body during invasive procedures Opportunitic drug resistant G-, e.g. Pseudomonas Disease - Nosocomial Infection Compromised host – burns – wounds – immune suppressed (disease or drugs) Chain of Transmission – Direct contact – Fomites Disease - Nosocomial Infection Control – – – – Aseptic techniques Proper cleaning storage Maintenance Properly trained staff Problems – Multiple drug resistance – Nonuse of effective cleaning agents – Training of staff