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ROME STUDY GUIDE SECTION ONE The Latins settled the West – Central Plains (Latium) of Italy around 1,000 B.C. The Etruscans were the second group of people to enter the Plains of Latium. The two groups will merge to build Rome. Contributions of the Early Rome (Etruscans) 1. Paved Roads – Cobblestone Roads connected all major parts of the Empire 2. Built a sewer system in Rome 3. Drained marshes (swamps) to stop the disease spread by insects. 4. Developed a written language (Latin) Advantages of where Rome was built 1. Built 15 miles inland to avoid coastal attacks 2. Built along the narrow part of the Tiber River (the most popular place to cross the River 3. Built on seven hills, to be able to see any invaders. SECTION TWO Rome is a Republic with three branches of Government. Republic is a form of Government in which voters elect their leaders Three Braches of Government Assembly of Centuries Two consuls are elected to one year’s terms Consuls serve as Military Generals Consuls use checks and balances to control each other Praetors serve as judges Censors register citizens according to their wealth for taxes Purposes Assembly of Tribes 35 Tribes elect 10 Tribunes (Representatives) Tribunes cannot make laws only veto them Senate Made up of 300 Senators The Senate controls public funds and Foreign Policy The Senate can appoint a dictator for six months in time of emergency SECTION THREE First Punic War – Carthage versus Rome Reasons for War – Carthage was threaded by young but strong Rome Economic and Political Tension Rome = Strong Army / Carthage = Strong Navy Turning Point in War – Rome stole a Carthage ship and mass-produced its design. Rome was able to take the land battle to the sea. Rome would ram and tie down to the Carthage Ships Allowing them to enter the ship with land battle tactics. Results of War – Rome defeated Carthage 1. Carthage paid indemnity (war debts) to Rome 2. Carthage was forced to give the islands Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia 3. Carthage was longer able to have a Navy – which was the backbone of Carthage. Second Punic War – Carthage versus Rome Reasons for War – Carthage wanted REVENGE for the damages caused by Rome from the First Punic War Major People – Hamlicar Barca, Hannibal Barca, Scipio the Elder and Younger Results of War – Hannibal won every battle but lost the Second Punic War. Hannibal was unable to siege and destroy the City of Rome. Hannibal was forced to return and defend Carthage. War Facts – Hannibal started with 40,000 soldiers(mostly paid),50 War Elephants Battle Breakdown – Battle of Ticinus River – Carthage Victory – 2,000 Romans Dead Hannibal defeated a small Roman force, the victory help recruit more soldiers from Northern Italy. Hannibal’s first major victory of the 2nd Punic War Battle of Trebia River – Carthage Victory – 30,000 Romans Dead Hannibal surprised the Romans on a Cold November Morning Attack Hannibal sent his War Elephants across the Trebia River and trampled the Roman camp at daybreak. Rome over reacted and sent their army across the Trebia River (the river was near freezing and 4-5 foot deep). Hannibal’s army attacked the Romans as they hit shore, total defeat of the Romans. However, Hannibal’s lost all but one War Elephant in his battle. Roman Checkerboard Formation Trebia River Carthage Arch Formation Hannibal had an opportunity the split the two Roman Armies by taking his army through the swamps. Hannibal instead chooses to turn back and attack the Roman Army. While in the swamp Hannibal was stung in the eye and went blind in one eye. Battle of Lake Trasimene – Carthage Victory, 15,000 Dead Romans, 10:1 Kill Ratio Hannibal set a trap for the Romans by hiding his army in the fog along the lake. However, Rome believed that Hannibal’s army was stationed beside a huge campfire seen through the fog. When Rome relaxed Hannibal attacked trapping Rome between his army and the lake destroying the Roman Army. Early Morning Fog Early Fake Camp Fire Road along the Lake Lake Trasimene = Roman Army = Carthage (Hannibal) Army = Carthage Cavalry Battle of Cannae – Carthage Victory – Rome sent 80,000 soldiers 70,000 died in 7hours. Hannibal used the Annihilator Battle Formation Hannibal fought in the middle of the formation; he would strike and initially fall back. Over two hours Hannibal lured the Romans in the middle of the Annihilator. Rome was trapped Third Punic War – Roman Victory Major Players – Rome versus Carthage Cato the Elder Reason for War – Rome accused Carthage of building a Navy, which broke the treaty from the Second Punic War. Carthage claimed it was a Trading Fleet not a Naval Fleet. Regardless Rome held all the power and ordered Carthage to be destroyed. Results of War – Rome torn Carthage to the ground, salted the fields. The men were killed and the women and children sold into slavery. SECTION FOUR The Gracchi – Two Brothers Tiberius and Gaius rose to power within the Assembly of Tribes. Tiberius – Took public land that was misused by the Senate, and give it to landless citizens who could use the land to grow food. This angered the Senate, as a result the Senate clubbed Tiberius to death. Gauis – Also helped the lower class by selling them grain at low cost. The Senate murder 3,000 Gauis supported The First Triumvirate = Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus Julius Caesar - Reached out to the lower class by giving them food and hope. Joined forces with two generals (Pompey and Crassus). Left Rome for 10 years to build an army in the Gaul (France) Called Pompey Bluff!! Accomplishments of Julius Caesar Gave Citizenship to people in Provinces Gave Public Lands to Veterans Gave Grain to the Poor Decreased the power of the Senate by increasing membership from 300 to 900 members Created a calendar with 365 ¼ Days The Second Triumvirate = Octavian, Marc Anthony, Lepidus Octavian was the 18 year old grand-nephew of Caesar, who was chosen by Caesar to take his role. Lepidus served as Caesar second in command. Marc Anthony was a consul (general) who was an ally of Caesar Octavian drove Lepidus from power (forced to retire). Marc Anthony fell in love with Cleopatra of Egypt The Roman Empire was divided into two sections Marc Anthony controlled the East and Octavian controlled the West. Octavian defeated Marc Anthony in battle, Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide to avoid from being killed by Octavian. Octavian takes on the title Augustus Caesar that means sacred ruler SECTION FIVE Other Notable Emperors and Events Caligula – Brutal and insane, appointed his favorite horse as consul (general) Nero – Believed to start a fire that swept through Rome. Hated by Roman for his cruel and unpredictable policies. Nero committed Suicide. Pax Romana – Roman Peace from 27 BC – 180 AD Twelve Tables – Roman law engraved in stone place in the public Forum. SECTION SIX Roman Numerals – I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500. M = 1,000 Basic Rules – Cannot use the same numeral more than three times in a row I, X, C are sub tractors, when a these numerals are in front subtract Times by a thousand when there is a line above the Numeral