Download ROME STUDY GUIDE

ROME STUDY GUIDE
SECTION ONE
The Latins settled the West – Central Plains (Latium) of Italy around 1,000 B.C.
The Etruscans were the second group of people to enter the Plains of Latium. The two
groups will merge to build Rome.
Contributions of the Early Rome (Etruscans)
1. Paved Roads – Cobblestone Roads connected all major parts of the Empire
2. Built a sewer system in Rome
3. Drained marshes (swamps) to stop the disease spread by insects.
4. Developed a written language (Latin)
Advantages of where Rome was built
1. Built 15 miles inland to avoid coastal attacks
2. Built along the narrow part of the Tiber River (the most popular place to cross
the River
3. Built on seven hills, to be able to see any invaders.
SECTION TWO
Rome is a Republic with three branches of Government.
Republic is a form of Government in which voters elect their leaders
Three Braches of Government
Assembly of Centuries
Two consuls are elected to one year’s terms
Consuls serve as Military Generals
Consuls use checks and balances to control each other
Praetors serve as judges
Censors register citizens according to their wealth for taxes
Purposes
Assembly of Tribes
35 Tribes elect 10 Tribunes (Representatives)
Tribunes cannot make laws only veto them
Senate
Made up of 300 Senators
The Senate controls public funds and Foreign Policy
The Senate can appoint a dictator for six months in time of emergency
SECTION THREE
First Punic War – Carthage versus Rome
Reasons for War – Carthage was threaded by young but strong Rome
Economic and Political Tension
Rome = Strong Army / Carthage = Strong Navy
Turning Point in War – Rome stole a Carthage ship and mass-produced its design.
Rome was able to take the land battle to the sea.
Rome would ram and tie down to the Carthage Ships
Allowing them to enter the ship with land battle tactics.
Results of War – Rome defeated Carthage
1. Carthage paid indemnity (war debts) to Rome
2. Carthage was forced to give the islands Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia
3. Carthage was longer able to have a Navy – which was the
backbone of Carthage.
Second Punic War – Carthage versus Rome
Reasons for War – Carthage wanted REVENGE for the damages caused by Rome
from the First Punic War
Major People – Hamlicar Barca, Hannibal Barca, Scipio the Elder and Younger
Results of War – Hannibal won every battle but lost the Second Punic War.
Hannibal was unable to siege and destroy the City of Rome.
Hannibal was forced to return and defend Carthage.
War Facts – Hannibal started with 40,000 soldiers(mostly paid),50 War Elephants
Battle Breakdown –
Battle of Ticinus River – Carthage Victory – 2,000 Romans Dead
Hannibal defeated a small Roman force, the victory help
recruit more soldiers from Northern Italy.
Hannibal’s first major victory of the 2nd Punic War
Battle of Trebia River – Carthage Victory – 30,000 Romans Dead
Hannibal surprised the Romans on a Cold November Morning Attack
Hannibal sent his War Elephants across the Trebia River and trampled the Roman
camp at daybreak. Rome over reacted and sent their army across the Trebia River
(the river was near freezing and 4-5 foot deep). Hannibal’s army attacked the
Romans as they hit shore, total defeat of the Romans.
However, Hannibal’s lost all but one War Elephant in his battle.
Roman Checkerboard Formation
Trebia River
Carthage Arch Formation
Hannibal had an opportunity the split the two Roman Armies by taking his army through the
swamps. Hannibal instead chooses to turn back and attack the Roman Army. While in the swamp
Hannibal was stung in the eye and went blind in one eye.
Battle of Lake Trasimene – Carthage Victory, 15,000 Dead Romans, 10:1 Kill Ratio
Hannibal set a trap for the Romans by hiding his army in the fog along the lake.
However, Rome believed that Hannibal’s army was stationed beside a huge
campfire seen through the fog. When Rome relaxed Hannibal attacked trapping Rome
between his army and the lake destroying the Roman Army.
Early Morning Fog
Early
Fake
Camp Fire
Road along the Lake
Lake Trasimene
= Roman Army
= Carthage (Hannibal) Army
= Carthage Cavalry
Battle of Cannae – Carthage Victory – Rome sent 80,000 soldiers 70,000 died in 7hours.
Hannibal used the Annihilator Battle Formation
Hannibal fought in the middle of the
formation; he would strike and
initially fall back. Over two hours
Hannibal lured the Romans in the
middle of the Annihilator. Rome was
trapped
Third Punic War – Roman Victory
Major Players – Rome versus Carthage Cato the Elder
Reason for War – Rome accused Carthage of building a Navy, which broke the
treaty from the Second Punic War. Carthage claimed it was a
Trading Fleet not a Naval Fleet. Regardless Rome held all the
power and ordered Carthage to be destroyed.
Results of War – Rome torn Carthage to the ground, salted the fields. The men
were killed and the women and children sold into slavery.
SECTION FOUR
The Gracchi – Two Brothers Tiberius and Gaius rose to power within the Assembly of Tribes.
Tiberius – Took public land that was misused by the Senate, and give it to
landless citizens who could use the land to grow food. This angered
the Senate, as a result the Senate clubbed Tiberius to death.
Gauis – Also helped the lower class by selling them grain at low cost. The
Senate murder 3,000 Gauis supported
The First Triumvirate = Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
Julius Caesar - Reached out to the lower class by giving them food and hope. Joined forces with
two generals (Pompey and Crassus).
Left Rome for 10 years to build an army in the Gaul (France) Called Pompey
Bluff!!
Accomplishments of Julius Caesar
Gave Citizenship to people in Provinces
Gave Public Lands to Veterans
Gave Grain to the Poor
Decreased the power of the Senate by increasing membership from 300 to 900 members
Created a calendar with 365 ¼ Days
The Second Triumvirate = Octavian, Marc Anthony, Lepidus
Octavian was the 18 year old grand-nephew of Caesar, who was chosen by Caesar to take
his role.
Lepidus served as Caesar second in command.
Marc Anthony was a consul (general) who was an ally of Caesar
Octavian drove Lepidus from power (forced to retire).
Marc Anthony fell in love with Cleopatra of Egypt
The Roman Empire was divided into two sections
Marc Anthony controlled the East and Octavian controlled the West.
Octavian defeated Marc Anthony in battle, Anthony and Cleopatra committed
suicide to avoid from being killed by Octavian.
Octavian takes on the title Augustus Caesar that means sacred ruler
SECTION FIVE
Other Notable Emperors and Events
Caligula – Brutal and insane, appointed his favorite horse as consul (general)
Nero – Believed to start a fire that swept through Rome. Hated by Roman for
his cruel and unpredictable policies. Nero committed Suicide.
Pax Romana – Roman Peace from 27 BC – 180 AD
Twelve Tables – Roman law engraved in stone place in the public Forum.
SECTION SIX
Roman Numerals – I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500. M = 1,000
Basic Rules – Cannot use the same numeral more than three times in a row
I, X, C are sub tractors, when a these numerals are in front subtract
Times by a thousand when there is a line above the Numeral