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Ch 16 Guided Notes (Evolution) Name ______________________________ Charles Darwin • • • • ____________________________________ (1831) HMS Beagle ___________________ voyage around world Findings: species vary globally, locally, and vary over time. Volcanic islands off SA __________________________________________ – Studied and collected ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Fossils • Fossils – Biological Evolution • _______________ of the changes that have transformed life on Earth from the beginning to the diversity today. – Changes in ____________________________ include physical (morphology), molecular sequences (genetic and proteins), & behavior. • ______________ – cumulative changes in groups of organisms through time. – All organisms have descended from a ___________________________. Macroevolutions Vs. Microevolution • ______________________________ changes affecting a single population of organisms small scale. • ______________________________ changes affecting species across populations such as climatic changes, continental drift large scale. Artificial Selection • Artificial Selection – ___________________________________ certain traits in order to produce offspring having those traits; selective breeding. – Darwin believed that if humans can “___________________” species than over time nature can “___________________” species. Natural Selection • _________________________________________ – individuals who inherit characteristics most fit for their environment are likely to survive and leave more offspring than less fit individuals. – “__________________________________________” – Environment influences fitness. – Results in changes in the inherited traits of a population over time. – Changes _____________________ a species’ fitness in its environment. – ___________ Basic Principles… #1) Overproduction of Offspring • Having ___________ of babies increases chance of survival UNFORTUNATELY it also __________________________ competition for resources. – Compete with kids and/or siblings for food, water, space, mates, etc. #2) Variation • Every population has ___________________________ in inherited traits of individuals variations in genotypes, phenotypes, & environment. • ________________________________ influence the ability to find, obtain, or utilize resources, and ability to reproduce some organisms will die and/or produce fewer offspring. #3) Adaptation • Organisms are more likely to survive if their traits and/or behaviors ____________________ with environment. – _____________________ – organism’s ability to survive and reproduce – Beneficial inherited traits become more common __________________________ changes organisms are better able to survive and reproduce. #4) Descent with Modification • Each new population is descended, with ____________________ modified traits, from previous generations. – Produce different _______________, live in different habitats or niches. – Overtime ________ individuals will have successful traits that are beneficial. Evidence of Evolution #1) Paleontology – ___________________________ life • ___________________ records of species that lived long ago. • Ancient species share similarities with present species common ancestor. • Gaps in ____________________________ #2) Anatomy – structures • ______________________________ Structures – anatomically similar structures found in different species inherited from a common ancestor. • ______________________________ Structures (or organs) – reduced form of a functional structure that indicates shared ancestry. Not Shared Ancestry • _____________________________ Structures – structures found in different species that are similar in function but different construction NOT inherited from a common ancestor. • Develop in _______________________ ecological conditions #3) Embryology – embryonic development • ______________________ – organism’s early prebirth stage of development. • Vertebrate embryos show homologous structures at different stages of development become different structures in adults common ancestor. #4) Biochemistry – chemical processes • Different species share similar enzymes and/or biological molecules (____________________ Acids & _______________) common ancestor. – Useful when species are very similar or very diverse – Proteins same _________ amino acids – Processes of _____________________ and _______________________ – _____________________ and ______________________ Reproduction – DNA of all living organisms contain the 4 bases: ________________ (A), ________________ (T), ______________ (G), & ________________ (C). Read Chapter 16 (pages 450-453, 458-473)