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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
Chapter 1
An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes
After completing Chapter 1, you will be able to:
1. Define anatomy and physiology.
2. Explain the relationship between anatomy & physiology.
3. List and explain the levels of organization in the human body
from the simplest to the most complex level.
4. List the 11 organ systems and describe their functions.
5. Describe homeostasis and explain the importance of negative
and positive feedback loops to maintain normal human
body functioning.
6. Use anatomical terms to describe body regions, relative
positions, body sections, and body cavities
7. Describe medical imaging techniques in terms of their
function and use in the diagnosis of diseases.
Learning Outcome 1: Define Anatomy and Physiology
Martini: 1-2 Anatomy is structure, and physiology is function, pg. 4
Openstax: 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology, pg. 16
1. What is Anatomy?
The study of _____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What is Physiology?
The study of _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW
Anatomy: the study of body ___________________
Physiology: the study of ______________________
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
Learning Outcome 2: Explain the relationship between anatomy &
physiology.
Martini: 1-4 Anatomy and physiology are closely integrated, pg. 5
Openstax: 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology, pg. 17
1. Explain how anatomy and physiology are related to each other:
1a. The shape of a structure ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
1b. Physiological processes are explained in terms of __________________________
Learning Outcome 3: List and explain the levels of organization in the
human body from the simplest to the most
complex level.
.
Martini: 1-4 Levels of organization progress from molecules to a complete
organism, pg. 6
Openstax: 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, pg. 17
1. List the six (6) levels of organization of the human body, from the simplest to the
most complex level: 1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
Simplest
to
Fig. 1-1
or
or
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
5. _____________________________
6. _____________________________ Most Complex
2. Describe the levels of organization in the human body.
Chemical Level: composed of ____________, _________________________ and
___________________________
Atoms: _______________________________________________________________
List examples of atoms:
Molecules: combination of ______________________________________
List examples of molecules:
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OS Fig. 1.3
BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
Cellular Level
Cell: __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
List examples of cells found in the human body:
What is an organelle?
Tissue Level
Tissue: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Name the four (4) main body tissues:
Organ Level
Organ: _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
List an organ and the type of tissues it is made of:
Organ: ___________ Type of tissues in this organ:
Organ System Level
Fig. 1-1
or
OS Fig. 1.4
Organ System:_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
How many organ systems does a human have? _____ organ systems
List examples of organ systems:
Organism Level
Organism: ____________________________________________
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
LABEL the levels of organization in the human body from the most complex to the
simplest level of organization (SEE Fig. 1-1 or OS Fig. 1.3)
REVIEW
1. List from the Largest (most complex) to the smallest (simplest) level of organization:
Largest
1. ____
A. Molecules
Smallest
2. ____
B. Organ
3. ____
C. Atom
4. ____
D. Organism
5. ____
E. Organ System
6. ____
F. Organelles and Cells
7. ____
G. Tissue
2. Arrange in order from the simplest to the most complex level of organization:
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
Learning Outcome 4: List the 11 organ systems and describe their functions.
Martini: Figure 1-1, pg. 8-9
Openstax: Fig 1.4 & Fig 1.5, pg. 19-20
1. KNOW the name of the
11 organ systems and
Function/s of each.
?
Review questions about Organ Systems
1. Describe the function/s for each organ system:
Organ System
Function/s
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Male Reproductive System:
Female Reproductive System:
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
2. Match each organ system with its functions:
____ a. nervous system
____b. endocrine system
____c. urinary system
____d. cardiovascular system
____e. muscular system
____f. respiratory system
____g. digestive system
____h. skeletal system
____i. integumentary system
____j. lymphatic system &
immunity
____k reproductive system
1.regulates body activities through
hormones transported in blood to different
target organs in the body.
2. produces gametes; releases hormones to gonads
3. protects against disease; returns fluids blood
4. protects body by forming a barrier to the
outside environment; helps regulate body
temperature
5. transports oxygen and nutrients to cells;
protects against disease; carries wastes away
from cells
6. regulates body activities through nerve
impulses; receives sensory information;
interprets and responds to the information
7. carries out the physical and chemical breakdown
of food and absorption of nutrients
8. exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between
air and blood
9. supports and protects the body; provides
internal framework; provides a place for skeletal
muscle attachment
10. powers movement of the body and stabilizes
body position
11. eliminates wastes; regulates volume & chemical
composition of blood
Learning Outcome 5: Describe homeostasis and explain the importance of
negative and positive feedback loops to maintain n
normal human body functioning.
Martini: 1-5 Homeostasis is the state of internal balance, pg. 7
Openstax: 1.5 Homeostasis, pg. 27
1. What is homeostasis? The body’s ability to maintain ___________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1a. List examples of stable physiological conditions:
A. ___________________________________
Normal physiological range:
B. ____________________________________
Normal physiological range:
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
C. ____________________________________
Normal physiological range:
?
Why is homeostatic regulation of physiological conditions important for an organism?
2. The body regulates its internal environment through _________________________
2a. List the two Feedback Systems:
A. ________________________________________________________________
B. _________________________________________________________________
3. BOTH, Negative and Positive Feedback System, have three basic components:
A. _______________________________
Fig. 1-2
OS Fig. 1.10
B. _______________________________
C. _______________________________
3a. Describe each component of the Feedback Systems:
A. Sensor or Receptor
-It is a ____________________________
-Monitors ____________________________________________________________
-Sends input to ________________________________________________________
B. Control Center
-Sets ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
-Evaluates ___________________________________________________________
-Sends output (as nerve signals, hormones, etc) to ___________________________
-Examples of Control Centers: ___________________________________________
C. Effector
-Receives ____________________________________________________________
-Produces a response that changes _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
-Example of Effectors: __________________________________________________
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
4. Negative feedback
Martini, pg. 10
4a. What is negative feedback?
OpenStax: pg. 27
4b. Describe examples of negative feedback mechanism:
5. Remember these details about negative feedback mechanism:
5a. It is a process in which the body senses a ________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5b. Body is brought back into ___________________________________________
5c. Negative feedback is the _______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5d. Homeostatic mechanisms using negative feedback normally ignore _______
_____________ and they maintain a normal ______________ rather than a ____
__________________________________
Fig. 1-3b
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
6. Positive feedback
Martini, pg. 12
6a. What is Positive Feedback?
OpenStax: pg. 28
6b. Positive feedback mechanisms occur in the body when: _______________________
____________________________________________________________________
6c. List examples of positive feedback mechanisms:
Childbirth – A Positive Feedback Mechanism Example
7. Remember these details about positive feedback mechanism:
7a. Produces a response that ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
7b. Body is moved away from ___________________________________________
7c. Positive feedback mechanisms are ____________________________________
7d. Positive feedback is used to __________________________________________
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
Learning Outcome 6: Use anatomical terms to describe body regions,
relative positions, body sections, and body cavities
Martini: 1-7 Anatomical Terms, pg. 14
1-8 Body Cavities of the Trunk, pg. 18
Openstax: 1.6 Anatomical Terminology, pg. 29
Body Cavities, pg. 32
1. The standard body “map” or body reference position is the _____________________
Anatomical Position
1. Describe the anatomical position: It is a stance in which a person stands…
a) _____________
b) Face: ________________________________________________
c) Feet: ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
d) Arms and Hands ______________________________________
e) Palms of Hands _______________________________________
Fig. 1-5
OS Fig. 1.12
2. A body that is lying down is described as either:
___________________________________
2a. Prone describes _______________________________________
2b. Supine describes _______________________________________
3.
Anatomical Terms: Anatomical Landmarks, Anatomical Regions, and
terms of Anatomical Directions.
3a. Anatomical Landmarks:
Fig. 1-5
OS Fig. 1.12
Terms used for locating structures _________________________________________
Fig. 1-6
OS Fig. 1.16
3b. Anatomical Regions:
Terms used to describe ___________________________________________
Two methods to map the surface of the abdomen and pelvis:
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
Abdominopelvic Quadrants:
1. How many abdominopelvic quadrants? ______
2. Label the abdominopelvic quadrants:
Fig. 1-6a
OS Fig. 1.16
3. Abdominopelvic quadrants are used to describe ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. More commonly used by ____________________________
Abdominopelvic Regions:
1. Abdominopelvic regions provide a more precise description of __________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Abdominopelvic regions are mainly used by _________________________________
3. How many? ___ abdominopelvic regions:
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Fig. 1-6b
OS
Fig. 1.16
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
SUMMARY - Relationship between the abdominopelvic quadrands and regions and
location of the internal organs:
Fig. 1-6c
Fig. 1-7
OS Fig. 1.13
3c. Anatomical Direction
1. Are used to describe _____________________________________________________
2. USE Fig 1-7 or see page 31 in the Openstak Textbook to complete the table on the
following page. KNOW each term in the table, their meaning, and examples of usage.
NOTE: As you read the examples in the table on the following page, look at the figure
below to orient the location of the examples described in the table.
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
Directional Terms
Definition
Examples
(Use Fig. on previous
page)
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Superior
The heart is superior to the liver.
Inferior
The stomach is inferior to the lungs.
Anterior (or Ventral)
The sternum (breastbone)
anterior to the heart.
Posterior (or Dorsal)
The esophagus is posterior to the
trachea (windpipe).
Medial
The pinky is medial to the thumb.
Lateral
The lungs are lateral to the heart.
is
Cranial or Cephalic
Toward the head
The cephalic border of the pelvis is
superior to the thigh.
Caudal
Toward the tail (coccyx in humans)
The hips are caudal to the waist
Proximal
The humerus is proximal to the
radius.
Distal
The fingers are distal to the wrist.
Superficial
The ribs are superficial to the lungs.
Deep
The ribs are deep to the skin of the
chest and back.
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
OS Fig. 1.14
Fig. 1-8
4. Planes and Sections
4a. Plane is ________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4b. List the three major anatomical planes:
a) _________________________________
b) _________________________________ and c) ____________________________
4c. Describe each major anatomical plane:
Sagittal plane:
- _________________ plane
-Divides the body or structure into _____________________________________
-When a sagittal plane passes directly down the middle of the body or organ it is
called _______________________________
-A midsagittal plane divides the body or
organ into _________________________
Label the right and left portion of the
brain AND the midsagittal plane.
-A cut parallel to the midsagittal line is called__________________________ section
-It divides the body or organ into ____________________________________________
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
Frontal or
plane: a plane that divides the body or structure into
___________________________________________________ portions.
Label the anterior and posterior portions
of the brain AND the frontal or coronal
plane.
Transverse or
plane: a plane that divides the body or structure
into ___________________________________________ portions.
Label the superior and inferior portions of
the brain AND the transverse plane
What is a section?
A section is___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Example of a section:
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
5. Body cavities of the Trunk
Martini, pg. 18
5a. List functions of body cavities:
Openstax, pg. 32
5b. Body cavities have ___________ membranes.
What is a serous membrane or __________?
5c. List the body cavities of the trunk:
Posterior
Anterior
Fig. 1-9
OS
Fig. 1.15
Lateral
Anterior
5d. Name the flat muscular sheet that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavity: ____________________________ (label this muscle sheet in the figure above).
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
The Thoracic Cavity
Martini, pg. 22 Openstax, pg. 33
1. List viscera (organs) found at the thoracic cavity:
2. The central region of the thoracic cavity
contains the ___________________________
3. What is the mediastinum?
A mass of connective tissue that:
-surrounds, stabilizes, and supports the _____________
____________________________________________
-subdivides the thoracic cavity into the ____________
___________________________________________
-Contains the _________________________________
4. List two smaller cavities within the thoracic cavity:
a. __________________________ (holding the _____________)
b. __________________________ (holding the _____________)
Pleural Cavities
a. Two (2) pleural cavities:
The right pleural cavity contains the __________________
The left pleura cavity contains the ____________________
The right & left pleural cavities are separated by the _______________________
Label the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinum:
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
b. Serous membranes (serosa) at the Thoracic Cavity
1b. What is a serous membrane or serosa?
- Thin membrane secreting _____________________________________________
-Lines ______________________________________________________________
-Consists of 2 layers:
2b. List the serous membranes at the pleural cavity:
3b. What is the visceral pleura?
Serous membrane covering _____________________________________________
4b. What is the parietal pleura?
Serous membrane that lines the _________________________________________
LABEL: visceral pleura, parietal pleural, right pleural cavity, left pleural cavity
Pericardial Cavity
a. What is the pericardial cavity?
b. List the serous membranes at the pericardial cavity:
1b. What is visceral pericardium?
Serous membrane covering _____________________________________________
2b. What is parietal pericardium?
Serous membrane lining the ____________________________________________
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
LABEL the visceral and parietal pericardium in the figure below:
Fig. 1-9b
OS
Fig. 1.17
Heart
REVIEW
Posterior
Anterior
LABEL:
1. Pleural cavity
2. pericardial cavity
3. diaphragm
4. thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Lateral View
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
Martini, pg. 22
1. The abdominopelvic cavity extends:
Openstax, pg. 33
a) from the ___________________________
b) to the _________________________
Label the Abdominopelvic cavity:
2. List the subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity:
2. Name the serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity:
______________________________________________
2a What is parietal peritoneum? serous membrane lining _______________________
____________________________________________________________________
2b. What is visceral peritoneum? Serous membrane covering ____________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. Name the two division of the abdominopelvic cavity:
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
4. List viscera at abdominal cavity:
liver
Vertebral
Column
5. List viscera at pelvic cavity:
6. Retroperitoneal Organs: some abdominal
organs lie between the parietal peritoneum
and the muscular wall of the abdominal
cavity. LIST SOME RETROPERITONEAL
ORGANS:
READ: Diagnostic Imaging Techniques (Martini, pg. 20
uterus
urinary
bladder
OS, pg. 34)
After reading the above reading assignment, answer the following questions about each
medical imaging technique:
X-rays
1. X-rays are a form of _____________________________ radiation.
2. When taking an x-ray, areas in the body impenetrable to x-rays such as hard tissues
(bones, teeth) appear ______________________ on the exposed film.
3. Soft tissues (fat. Liver, blood, etc.) slightly impede the passage of x-rays and show up
in shades of ________________ on the x-ray film.
NOTE: To use x-rays to visualize soft tissues, a radiopaque substance (a substance that
stops the passage of x-rays such as barium) must be introduced in the body by ingestion.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Uses a high-energy magnetic field
1. True or False? MRIs are most useful to create a detailed image of soft tissue
structures.
2. Is it safe?
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
Computed Tomography (CT)
1. How is a CT scan done?
2. Is radiation used for CT scans?
From left to right: photograph of frozen, sawed head, CT scan of the same
level/plane,
MRI scan of the same level/plane
Ultrasound Scanning (sonography)
1. Describe how a sonogram is done:
2. Is it safe?
Invasive or noninvasive?
Painless?
3. Most commonly used to visualize:__________________________________________
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
1. How is a PET scan done?
2. PET scan is used to study:
-Use your notes AND textbook to answer chapter assessment
questions at the end Ch 1 in yourAP Textbook.
-Visit Mastering A&P to do different activities to assess your Ch 1
Knowledge.
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
Test Your Knowledge on Chapter 1…
1. The branch of science that studies the structure (morphology) of body parts is called
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The branch of science that studies what body parts do and how they do it is called
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Circle one: The function of part is (always/sometimes/never) related to its structure.
4. Choose one: Homeostasis means
a. maintenance of a stable internal environment.
b. integrating the functions of the various organ systems.
c. preventing any change in the organism.
d. maintenance of a stable external environment.
Questions 5-8. Match the structure listed in the first column with the functions listed in
the second column.
Structure
Function
____5. atoms, molecules, macromolecules
a. groups of cells that have a
____6. cells
common function
____7. tissues
b. chemical structure required for life
____8. organisms
c. allow life to continue despite
changing environments and
reproduce to continue the species
d. simplest living units
9. List ALL levels of organization of the body in order of increasing complexity,
beginning with the atom.
10. List and describe the major body cavities found in the human body.
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BIOL 2401 Chapter 1 Martini_10th_OS_2013
11. Describe the standard human anatomical position.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
12. Prepare a sketch of a human body, and use lines to indicate each of the following
sections:
a. sagittal
b. transverse
c. coronal
13. Write complete sentences using each of the following terms correctly
a. superior: ______________________________________________________________
b. inferior: ______________________________________________________________
c. anterior: ______________________________________________________________
d. posterior: _____________________________________________________________
e. medial: _______________________________________________________________
f. lateral: ________________________________________________________________
g. proximal: _____________________________________________________________
h. distal: ________________________________________________________________
i. superficial: ____________________________________________________________
j. deep: _________________________________________________________________
14. Which of the following positions of body parts is/are in anatomic position?
a. palms of hands turned toward sides of body
c. arms at side
b. standing erect
d. face toward left shoulder
15. The peritoneal membranes are located in the _____________________ cavity.
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