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Greco-Roman Society • Standard: Examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. • Essential Question: How did Classical Mediterranean societies interact politically, philosophical, and culturally from 700 BCE to 400 CE? Rome You are Here Greece Origins of Rome • Element: Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. • Vocabulary: Roman Republic Geography • located on the Italian Peninsula • can sail all over the Mediterranean Sea Geography • fertile coastal plains • Good land for farming • able to trade by sea Greek Origins “In those days the countryside there was wild and empty. The story goes that when the waters receded, the basket in which the twins had been abandoned was left on dry land. A she-wolf, on her way from the hills round about to drink, came across the howling infants. She gave them her teats to suck, and was so gentle with them that the king’s shepherd found her licking them with her tongue” Virgil’s “Aeneid” • sponsored by Augustus • Aeneas, the refugee from Troy – ancestor of the people who became Romans • Augustus liked to trace his ancestry back to Iulus, son of Aeneas and supposed ancestor of the Iulii - the Julian family Emergence • • • • • Indo-European peoples moved into Italy about 1500 to 1000 B.C. spoke Latin lived as herders and farmers on Rome’s hills Emergence • after 800 B.C., other people, including the Greeks and Etruscans, settled in Italy • early Rome was ruled by kings, some of whom were Etruscan Greek Influence • Government • Architecture • religion Etruscan Rule • Established a monarchy • Ruled over early Romans • Cruel to the Romans Early Etruscan Home The Repbulic Describe: • 509 B.C. overthrew the last Etruscan king • established a republic – the leader is not a king – certain citizens have the right to vote The Republic The Threat: • Enemies surrounded Rome • long period of continuous warfare • 267 B.C. controlled almost all of Italy • defeated the Greeks and remaining Etruscan states The Republic Roman Confederation: • some people had full Roman citizenship • other groups were allies who controlled their local affairs but gave soldiers to Rome • could become Roman citizens The Republic Impact: • many of the conquered peoples felt invested in Rome’s success The Republic’s Military • divided into smaller groups called legions • Soldiers called legionaries • Because of the strength of the military, Rome began to expand Mediterranean Dominance Carthage: • a strong power in the Mediterranean • founded around 800 B.C. • coast of North Africa • large trading empire in the western Mediterranean Mediterranean Dominance Hannibal: • Carthage’s greatest general • Almost destroyed Rome during the Second Punic War Punic Wars Description: • three wars fought between Rome and Carthage • the victories of Hannibal during second Punic War almost destroyed Rome • Rome created new armies and a navy Punic Wars Result: • Rome defeated Hannibal’s forces • Spain became a Roman province • Rome controlled the western Mediterranean • completely destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C. Roman Expansion • second century B.C. conquered Macedonia and Greece • 133 B.C. Pergamum became Rome’s first province in Asia • Rome gained and maintained control of the Mediterranean Sea Structure of Rome View of Kings: • distrusted kingship because of their experience with Etruscan kings • built a different form of government • early Rome divided into two groups, the patricians and the plebeians Structure of Rome Patricians: • large landowners • formed Rome’s ruling class • citizens and could vote • could be elected to public office Structure of Rome Dictator 1 2 300 men Majority of Population Could rule up to 6 months in times of war Structure of Rome Consuls 1 2 300 men Majority of Population Preside over senate, generals, 1 yr term Structure of Rome 1 2 Senate 300 men Majority of Population Served for life, most powerful body Structure of Rome Dictator Consuls Senate Patricians 1 2 300 men Majority of Population The Senate 1. 2. 3. 4. Rome’s law-making body Patricians only three hundred served for life Centuriate Assembly • • • • • most important people’s assembly elected the consuls passed laws organized by classes based on wealth wealthiest citizens were the majority Plebeians • common people • the less wealthy landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers • gained some political power • considered citizens and could vote • included the right to elect their own officials, called tribunes • tribunes could veto, or block, laws that they felt harmed plebeians Structure of Rome 1 2 300 men Tribunes Majority of Population Representatives for the plebeians Structure of Rome 1 2 300 men Tribunes Plebeians Majority of Population Structure of Rome 1 2 300 men Tribunes Plebeians Slaves Majority of Population No power Structure of Rome Impact: • By 287 B.C., all male Roman citizens were supposedly equal under the law • few wealthy patrician and plebeian families formed a new senatorial ruling class • dominated political office Julius Caesar • Description: • Civil War breaks out in the Republic • First Triumvirate formed in 60 BC • Government run by three men who shared power • Julius Caesar, Crassus & Pompay Julius Caesar Description: • Julius Caesar is elected consul in 59 BC – grants himself governor of Gaul from 58 – 50 BC – wins decisive battles securing Roman borders in the North – Caesar seen as a military hero – “Veni, vidi, vici…” = I came, I saw, I conquered Civil War • As Caesar became more powerful the Triumvirate falls apart • Senate demands that Caesar return to Rome w/out his army • under the influence of a competitive Pompay Civil War • Civil war ensues – Caesar marched to Rome in 49 BC and Pompay fled – civil war will last a few years – Caesar wins • Caesar hailed as dictator for life in 45 B.C. Ides of March • many feared Caesar would assume title of king & set up a dynasty • 60 members of Senate plot to kill him • Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius • March 15, 44 BC Caesar is stabbed 23 times that result in death in the senate chamber • Rome plunges into another civil war Julius Caesar Impact: • Caesar’s Reformation: – Granted citizenship to people of provinces – Expanded Senate – Aided poor by creating jobs (public works) – Started colonies for people without land Augustus Caesar • • • • Description: Real name Octavian Grand Nephew of Julius Caesar the Second Triumvirate formed 43 BC – Caesar’s supporters banded together to eliminate assassins – Octavian, Mark Antony & Lepidus – took back control of Republic Civil War • Octavian forced Lepidus into retirement • Octavian and Mark Antony then become rivals Civil War • Mark Antony meets Queen Cleopatra of Egypt while leading troop’s in a campaign in Anatolia – Followed her back to Egypt – Octavian accuses Antony of trying to rule Rome out of Egypt • Another civil war breaks out Civil War • Battle of Actium 31 BC • Octavian defeats the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra at this naval battle • Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide Austus Caesar Impact: • Octavian becomes unchallenged ruler • 500-year old republic comes to an end • Octavian changes his name to Augustus (exalted one) and becomes Rome’s first emperor in 31 BC • Augustus laid the foundation for the period called the “Pax Romana” Augustus Caesar “Pax Romana” • 200 years of Roman peace and prosperity • Established by efficient government – Stabilized frontier – Development of splendid governmental buildings – Civil Service (plebeians and former slaves) Roman Culture • Element: Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law, gender, and science. • Vocabulary: Roman culture Roman Culture • Impact: • Most important contribution to society Twelve Tables • 451 B.C. • Ancient Rome’s law code • written down and placed in public • everyone would know the law The Law of the Twelve Tables Roman Law the Law of Nations: • code of law developed later • considered as natural law, or universal law based on reason Basic Principles: 1. People equal under law 2. right to a trial 3. innocent until proven guilty Slavery Description: • relied on slavery • large numbers of war captives were brought to Italy as slaves • Greeks were prized as tutors, musicians, doctors, and artists Slavery Expectations of Slaves: • work in shops, made crafts, and performed household tasks (cleaning and gardening) • built roads and public buildings • farmed large estates of the wealthy Slavery Conditions for slaves: • pitiful • it was cheaper to work slaves to death and replace them than to care for them Slavery Slave Revolt: • the gladiator Spartacus • 73 B.C. Seventy thousand slaves joined Spartacus • defeated several Roman armies before being defeated in 71 B.C. • Spartacus was killed and thousands of his followers were crucified Daily Life in the city of Rome Description: • the largest population of any city in the empire • overcrowded and noisy • wagons and carts were banned from the streets during the day to ease the congestion Daily Life in the city of Rome Gap between rich and poor • rich lived in comfortable villas • poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae Daily Life in the city of Rome Insulae: • six stories tall • poorly constructed and often collapsed • fires were a constant threat • high rents forced entire families to live in one room • did not have any plumbing or central heating • uncomfortable conditions caused many Romans to spend most of their time outdoors in the street Daily Life in the city of Rome Entertainment: • poor received free grain from the emperor • Grand public spectacles entertained the people • part of religious festivals • featured horse and chariot races at the Circus Maximus • dramatic performances in theaters • very popular gladiatorial shows Roman Culture Literature: • most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age was Virgil • wrote his epic poem the Aeneid in honor of Augustus • character Aeneas displays the virtues of the ideal Roman—duty, piety, and loyalty • Aeneas started the city on its divine mission to rule the world Roman Culture Art: • enjoyed Greek art • Greek statues adorned their cities and homes • Reproductions became popular • Roman sculptors added realistic, even unpleasant, features to the idealized Greek forms Roman Culture Architecture: • excelled in architecture • continued to use Greek styles (colonnades and rectangular buildings) • created forms based on curved lines: the dome, arch, and vault • first people to use concrete on a massive scale Roman Culture Engineering: • first-class engineers • built enduring roads, bridges, and aqueducts • built 50,000 miles of roads throughout the empire • many aqueducts supplied one million people with water Christianity • Element: Describe polytheism in the Greek and Roman world and the origins and diffusion of Christianity in the Roman world. • Vocabulary: polytheism, christianity Origins Judaea: • A.D. 6 • covered the lands of the ancient kingdom of Judah • a Roman province • under direction of a procurator • Unrest was common even among factions of Jews Jesus Description: • a Jew • began to preach in the midst of the conflict Jesus Teachings: • inner transformation was more important than adhering to laws or rituals • Individuals should follow the Golden Rule and treat others as they would like to be treated • People should love God and love each other, treating all as neighbors Jesus Events: • Judaean authorities turned Jesus over to the Romans • feared he might cause people to revolt against Rome • the procurator, Pontius Pilate, ordered Jesus crucified • followers of Jesus believed he overcame death • believed Jesus was the Messiah, the longexpected savior of Israel Jesus Impact: • virtues that became the basis of medieval Western civilization: humility, charity, and love of others Key Figures Simon Peter: • a prominent figure in early Christianity Key Figures Simon Peter: • Peter and the other disciples taught – Jesus was the Savior and Son of God – Jesus come to Earth to save all people – Jesus’ death had made up for people’s sins and made salvation possible – Individuals had only to accept Christ (“the anointed one”) as their Savior to be saved Key Figures Paul of Tarsus: • followed Jesus’ command to preach the gospel to both Jews and non-Jews (Gentiles) • founded many Christian communities in Asia Minor and along the Aegean Sea Key Figures Impact: • word spread that Jesus had overcome death • result: people converted • example: 60 days after Jesus’ crucifixion, Jerusalem alone had ten thousand converts Diffusion Teachings: • teachings were passed down orally • some were preserved in writing by Jesus’ disciples and followers • Between A.D. 40 and 100, these writings became the basis of the written Gospels (“the good news”) Diffusion Gospels: • tell of Jesus’ life and teachings • form the basis of the New Testament • the second part of the Christian Bible • A.D. 100 Christian churches throughout empire Diffusion View of Christianity in the Beginning: • Christianity seen as harmful to the public order • act of treason = Christians would not worship the Roman gods • believed in one God only and would not worship false gods or the emperors for fear of endangering their salvation Diffusion Nero: • Roman persecution of Christians • began A.D. 54–68 • blamed Christians for the fire that destroyed much of Rome • subjected Christians to cruel deaths Impact Structure: • strengthened by Roman persecution • forced it to become organized • control of bishops over Christian communities • the clergy (church leaders) were distinct from the laity (everyday church members) Impact Structure (continued): • attracted many followers • more personal than the Roman religion • offered eternal life and salvation • gave people a sense of belonging to a community • appealed to every class and especially the poor and powerless Impact Roman Reformers: • Christianity prospered in the fourth century Constantine: • first Christian emperor • AD 313 Edict of Milan proclaimed official toleration of Christianity Theodosius the Great: • Rome adopted Christianity as their official religion Collapse of the Roman Empire • Element: Analyze the factors that led to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. • Vocabulary: Collapse of the Western Roman Empire The Decline Factors: • A.D. 180 the death of Marcus Aurelius • long period of civil wars • political disorder • economic decline The Decline Late Roman Empire: • end of the third and the beginning of the fourth centuries • emperors Diocletian and Constantine • a new governmental structure • a rigid economic and social system • a new religion, Christianity The Decline Diocletian: • ruled from 284 to 305 • believed empire was too large • divided the empire into four sections, each with its own ruler • Diocletian’s military power gave him ultimate authority over the other three rulers The Decline Constantine: • ruled from 306 to 337 • extended many of Diocletian’s policies • by 324 was the sole ruler • built a new capital city in the east on the site of Byzantium on the shores of the Bosporus • Constantinople: became the center of the Eastern Roman Empire and one of the world’s greatest cities • filled his “New Rome” with a forum, large palaces, and an amphitheater Impact (1) • expanded bureaucracy, more money needed • enlarged the army to five hundred thousand troops • expansion of the civil service and the military drained the treasury • the lack of population growth meant that the tax base could not be increased Impact (2) • emperors issued edicts forcing people to stay in their assigned jobs • policies based on control and coercion • Empire continued for another hundred plus years Common Causes for the Collapse 1. 2. 3. 4. Barbarian Invasion Decline in Morals and Values Environmental and Public Health Problems Excessive Military Spending to Defend the Empire 5. Inferior Technology Common Causes for the Collapse 6. Inflation 7. Political Corruption 8. Rise in Christianity 9. Unemployment 10.Urban Decay Fall of Western Rome (1) • divided into two parts • had two capitals, Rome in the west and Constantinople in the east • second half of the fourth century, Huns from Asia moved into eastern Europe and put pressure on the German Visigoths • Visigoths moved south, crossing the Danube River into Roman territory • Initially Roman allies, the Visigoths revolted and defeated a Roman army in 378 Fall of Western Rome (2) • More Germans crossed into Roman lands • 410 the Visigoths sacked the city of Rome • 455 another group called the Vandals also sacked the city • 476 the western emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by the Germanic head of the army • the end of the Western Roman Empire • Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, continued to thrive Roman Empire • Western Rome: collapses and begins the “Dark Ages” of Europe • Eastern Rome: will continue on and will be known as the Byzantine Empire