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Greco-Roman Society
• Standard: Examine the political, philosophical,
and cultural interaction of Classical
Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400
CE.
• Essential Question: How did Classical
Mediterranean societies interact politically,
philosophical, and culturally from 700 BCE to
400 CE?
Rome
You are
Here
Greece
Origins of Rome
• Element: Compare the origins and structure of
the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the
Roman Empire.
• Vocabulary: Roman Republic
Geography
• located on the Italian
Peninsula
• can sail all over the
Mediterranean Sea
Geography
• fertile coastal plains
• Good land for farming
• able to trade by sea
Greek Origins
“In those days the countryside there was wild
and empty. The story goes that when the waters
receded, the basket in which the twins had been
abandoned was left on dry land. A she-wolf, on
her way from the hills round about to drink,
came across the howling infants. She gave them
her teats to suck, and was so gentle with them
that the king’s shepherd found her licking them
with her tongue”
Virgil’s “Aeneid”
• sponsored by Augustus
• Aeneas, the refugee from Troy
– ancestor of the people who became Romans
• Augustus liked to trace his ancestry back to
Iulus, son of Aeneas and supposed ancestor of
the Iulii - the Julian family
Emergence
•
•
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•
•
Indo-European peoples
moved into Italy
about 1500 to 1000 B.C.
spoke Latin
lived as herders and farmers on Rome’s hills
Emergence
• after 800 B.C., other people, including the
Greeks and Etruscans, settled in Italy
• early Rome was ruled by kings, some of whom
were Etruscan
Greek Influence
• Government
• Architecture
• religion
Etruscan Rule
• Established a
monarchy
• Ruled over early
Romans
• Cruel to the Romans
Early Etruscan Home
The Repbulic
Describe:
• 509 B.C. overthrew the last Etruscan king
• established a republic
– the leader is not a king
– certain citizens have the right to vote
The Republic
The Threat:
• Enemies surrounded Rome
• long period of continuous warfare
• 267 B.C. controlled almost all of Italy
• defeated the Greeks and remaining Etruscan
states
The Republic
Roman Confederation:
• some people had full Roman citizenship
• other groups were allies who controlled their
local affairs but gave soldiers to Rome
• could become Roman citizens
The Republic
Impact:
• many of the conquered peoples felt invested
in Rome’s success
The Republic’s Military
• divided into smaller
groups called legions
• Soldiers called
legionaries
• Because of the strength
of the military, Rome
began to expand
Mediterranean Dominance
Carthage:
• a strong power in the Mediterranean
• founded around 800 B.C.
• coast of North Africa
• large trading empire in the western
Mediterranean
Mediterranean Dominance
Hannibal:
• Carthage’s greatest
general
• Almost destroyed Rome
during the Second Punic
War
Punic Wars
Description:
• three wars fought between Rome and Carthage
• the victories of Hannibal during second Punic War almost
destroyed Rome
• Rome created new armies and a navy
Punic Wars
Result:
• Rome defeated Hannibal’s forces
• Spain became a Roman province
• Rome controlled the western Mediterranean
• completely destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C.
Roman Expansion
• second century B.C. conquered Macedonia
and Greece
• 133 B.C. Pergamum became Rome’s first
province in Asia
• Rome gained and maintained control of the
Mediterranean Sea
Structure of Rome
View of Kings:
• distrusted kingship because of their experience
with Etruscan kings
• built a different form of government
• early Rome divided into two groups, the patricians
and the plebeians
Structure of Rome
Patricians:
• large landowners
• formed Rome’s ruling class
• citizens and could vote
• could be elected to public office
Structure of Rome
Dictator
1
2
300 men
Majority of
Population
Could rule up
to 6 months in
times of war
Structure of Rome
Consuls
1
2
300 men
Majority of
Population
Preside over
senate,
generals, 1 yr
term
Structure of Rome
1
2
Senate
300 men
Majority of
Population
Served for
life, most
powerful
body
Structure of Rome
Dictator
Consuls
Senate
Patricians
1
2
300 men
Majority of
Population
The Senate
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rome’s law-making body
Patricians only
three hundred
served for life
Centuriate Assembly
•
•
•
•
•
most important people’s assembly
elected the consuls
passed laws
organized by classes based on wealth
wealthiest citizens were the majority
Plebeians
• common people
• the less wealthy landholders, craftspeople,
merchants, and small farmers
• gained some political power
• considered citizens and could vote
• included the right to elect their own officials,
called tribunes
• tribunes could veto, or block, laws that they felt
harmed plebeians
Structure of Rome
1
2
300 men
Tribunes
Majority of
Population
Representatives
for the
plebeians
Structure of Rome
1
2
300 men
Tribunes
Plebeians
Majority of
Population
Structure of Rome
1
2
300 men
Tribunes
Plebeians
Slaves
Majority of
Population
No
power
Structure of Rome
Impact:
• By 287 B.C., all male Roman citizens were
supposedly equal under the law
• few wealthy patrician and plebeian families
formed a new senatorial ruling class
• dominated political office
Julius Caesar
• Description:
• Civil War breaks out in
the Republic
• First Triumvirate formed
in 60 BC
• Government run by
three men who shared
power
• Julius Caesar, Crassus &
Pompay
Julius Caesar
Description:
• Julius Caesar is elected
consul in 59 BC
– grants himself governor of
Gaul from 58 – 50 BC
– wins decisive battles securing
Roman borders in the North
– Caesar seen as a military hero
– “Veni, vidi, vici…” = I came, I
saw, I conquered
Civil War
• As Caesar became more powerful the
Triumvirate falls apart
• Senate demands that Caesar return to Rome
w/out his army
• under the influence of a competitive Pompay
Civil War
• Civil war ensues
– Caesar marched to Rome in 49 BC and Pompay fled
– civil war will last a few years
– Caesar wins
• Caesar hailed as dictator for life in 45 B.C.
Ides of March
• many feared Caesar would assume title of king &
set up a dynasty
• 60 members of Senate plot to kill him
• Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius
• March 15, 44 BC Caesar is stabbed 23 times that
result in death in the senate chamber
• Rome plunges into another civil war
Julius Caesar
Impact:
• Caesar’s Reformation:
– Granted citizenship to people of provinces
– Expanded Senate
– Aided poor by creating jobs (public works)
– Started colonies for people without land
Augustus Caesar
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•
Description:
Real name Octavian
Grand Nephew of Julius Caesar
the Second Triumvirate formed 43 BC
– Caesar’s supporters banded together to eliminate
assassins
– Octavian, Mark Antony & Lepidus
– took back control of Republic
Civil War
• Octavian forced Lepidus into retirement
• Octavian and Mark Antony then become rivals
Civil War
• Mark Antony meets Queen Cleopatra of Egypt
while leading troop’s in a campaign in Anatolia
– Followed her back to Egypt
– Octavian accuses Antony of trying to rule Rome
out of Egypt
• Another civil war breaks out
Civil War
• Battle of Actium 31 BC
• Octavian defeats the combined forces of Antony and
Cleopatra at this naval battle
• Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide
Austus Caesar
Impact:
• Octavian becomes unchallenged ruler
• 500-year old republic comes to an end
• Octavian changes his name to Augustus
(exalted one) and becomes Rome’s first
emperor in 31 BC
• Augustus laid the foundation for the period
called the “Pax Romana”
Augustus Caesar
“Pax Romana”
• 200 years of Roman peace and prosperity
• Established by efficient government
– Stabilized frontier
– Development of splendid governmental buildings
– Civil Service (plebeians and former slaves)
Roman Culture
• Element: Analyze the contributions of
Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law,
gender, and science.
• Vocabulary: Roman culture
Roman Culture
• Impact:
• Most important contribution to society
Twelve Tables
• 451 B.C.
• Ancient Rome’s law
code
• written down and
placed in public
• everyone would
know the law
The Law of the Twelve Tables
Roman Law
the Law of Nations:
• code of law developed later
• considered as natural law, or universal law
based on reason
Basic Principles:
1. People equal
under law
2. right to a trial
3. innocent until
proven guilty
Slavery
Description:
• relied on slavery
• large numbers of war captives were brought
to Italy as slaves
• Greeks were prized as tutors, musicians,
doctors, and artists
Slavery
Expectations of Slaves:
• work in shops, made crafts, and performed
household tasks (cleaning and gardening)
• built roads and public buildings
• farmed large estates of the wealthy
Slavery
Conditions for slaves:
• pitiful
• it was cheaper to work slaves to death and
replace them than to care for them
Slavery
Slave Revolt:
• the gladiator Spartacus
• 73 B.C. Seventy thousand slaves joined
Spartacus
• defeated several Roman armies before being
defeated in 71 B.C.
• Spartacus was killed and thousands of his
followers were crucified
Daily Life in the city of Rome
Description:
• the largest population of any city in the
empire
• overcrowded and noisy
• wagons and carts were banned from the
streets during the day to ease the congestion
Daily Life in the city of Rome
Gap between rich and poor
• rich lived in comfortable villas
• poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae
Daily Life in the city of Rome
Insulae:
• six stories tall
• poorly constructed and often collapsed
• fires were a constant threat
• high rents forced entire families to live in one
room
• did not have any plumbing or central heating
• uncomfortable conditions caused many
Romans to spend most of their time outdoors
in the street
Daily Life in the city of Rome
Entertainment:
• poor received free grain from the emperor
• Grand public spectacles entertained the
people
• part of religious festivals
• featured horse and chariot races at the Circus
Maximus
• dramatic performances in theaters
• very popular gladiatorial shows
Roman Culture
Literature:
• most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age
was Virgil
• wrote his epic poem the Aeneid in honor of
Augustus
• character Aeneas displays the virtues of the
ideal Roman—duty, piety, and loyalty
• Aeneas started the city on its divine mission to
rule the world
Roman Culture
Art:
• enjoyed Greek art
• Greek statues adorned their cities and homes
• Reproductions became popular
• Roman sculptors added realistic, even
unpleasant, features to the idealized Greek
forms
Roman Culture
Architecture:
• excelled in architecture
• continued to use Greek styles (colonnades and
rectangular buildings)
• created forms based on curved lines: the
dome, arch, and vault
• first people to use concrete on a massive scale
Roman Culture
Engineering:
• first-class engineers
• built enduring roads, bridges, and aqueducts
• built 50,000 miles of roads throughout the
empire
• many aqueducts supplied one million people
with water
Christianity
• Element: Describe polytheism in the Greek
and Roman world and the origins and
diffusion of Christianity in the Roman world.
• Vocabulary: polytheism, christianity
Origins
Judaea:
• A.D. 6
• covered the lands of the ancient kingdom of
Judah
• a Roman province
• under direction of a procurator
• Unrest was common even among factions of
Jews
Jesus
Description:
• a Jew
• began to preach in the
midst of the conflict
Jesus
Teachings:
• inner transformation was more important
than adhering to laws or rituals
• Individuals should follow the Golden Rule and
treat others as they would like to be treated
• People should love God and love each other,
treating all as neighbors
Jesus
Events:
• Judaean authorities turned Jesus over to the
Romans
• feared he might cause people to revolt against
Rome
• the procurator, Pontius Pilate, ordered Jesus
crucified
• followers of Jesus believed he overcame death
• believed Jesus was the Messiah, the longexpected savior of Israel
Jesus
Impact:
• virtues that became the basis of medieval
Western civilization: humility, charity, and love
of others
Key Figures
Simon Peter:
• a prominent figure in
early Christianity
Key Figures
Simon Peter:
• Peter and the other disciples taught
– Jesus was the Savior and Son of God
– Jesus come to Earth to save all people
– Jesus’ death had made up for people’s sins and
made salvation possible
– Individuals had only to accept Christ (“the
anointed one”) as their Savior to be saved
Key Figures
Paul of Tarsus:
• followed Jesus’
command to preach the
gospel to both Jews and
non-Jews (Gentiles)
• founded many Christian
communities in Asia
Minor and along the
Aegean Sea
Key Figures
Impact:
• word spread that Jesus had overcome death
• result: people converted
• example: 60 days after Jesus’ crucifixion,
Jerusalem alone had ten thousand converts
Diffusion
Teachings:
• teachings were passed down orally
• some were preserved in writing by Jesus’
disciples and followers
• Between A.D. 40 and 100, these writings
became the basis of the written Gospels (“the
good news”)
Diffusion
Gospels:
• tell of Jesus’ life and teachings
• form the basis of the New Testament
• the second part of the Christian Bible
• A.D. 100 Christian churches throughout
empire
Diffusion
View of Christianity in the Beginning:
• Christianity seen as harmful to the public
order
• act of treason = Christians would not worship
the Roman gods
• believed in one God only and would not
worship false gods or the emperors for fear of
endangering their salvation
Diffusion
Nero:
• Roman persecution of Christians
• began A.D. 54–68
• blamed Christians for the fire that destroyed
much of Rome
• subjected Christians to cruel deaths
Impact
Structure:
• strengthened by Roman persecution
• forced it to become organized
• control of bishops over Christian communities
• the clergy (church leaders) were distinct from
the laity (everyday church members)
Impact
Structure (continued):
• attracted many followers
• more personal than the Roman religion
• offered eternal life and salvation
• gave people a sense of belonging to a
community
• appealed to every class and especially the
poor and powerless
Impact
Roman Reformers:
• Christianity prospered in the fourth century
Constantine:
• first Christian emperor
• AD 313 Edict of Milan proclaimed official
toleration of Christianity
Theodosius the Great:
• Rome adopted Christianity as their official
religion
Collapse of the Roman Empire
• Element: Analyze the factors that led to the
collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
• Vocabulary: Collapse of the Western Roman
Empire
The Decline
Factors:
• A.D. 180 the death of Marcus Aurelius
• long period of civil wars
• political disorder
• economic decline
The Decline
Late Roman Empire:
• end of the third and the beginning of the
fourth centuries
• emperors Diocletian and Constantine
• a new governmental structure
• a rigid economic and social system
• a new religion, Christianity
The Decline
Diocletian:
• ruled from 284 to 305
• believed empire was too large
• divided the empire into four sections, each
with its own ruler
• Diocletian’s military power gave him ultimate
authority over the other three rulers
The Decline
Constantine:
• ruled from 306 to 337
• extended many of Diocletian’s policies
• by 324 was the sole ruler
• built a new capital city in the east on the site
of Byzantium on the shores of the Bosporus
• Constantinople: became the center of the
Eastern Roman Empire and one of the world’s
greatest cities
• filled his “New Rome” with a forum, large
palaces, and an amphitheater
Impact (1)
• expanded bureaucracy, more money needed
• enlarged the army to five hundred thousand
troops
• expansion of the civil service and the military
drained the treasury
• the lack of population growth meant that the
tax base could not be increased
Impact (2)
• emperors issued edicts forcing people to stay
in their assigned jobs
• policies based on control and coercion
• Empire continued for another hundred plus
years
Common Causes for the Collapse
1.
2.
3.
4.
Barbarian Invasion
Decline in Morals and Values
Environmental and Public Health Problems
Excessive Military Spending to Defend the
Empire
5. Inferior Technology
Common Causes for the Collapse
6. Inflation
7. Political Corruption
8. Rise in Christianity
9. Unemployment
10.Urban Decay
Fall of Western Rome (1)
• divided into two parts
• had two capitals, Rome in the west and
Constantinople in the east
• second half of the fourth century, Huns from
Asia moved into eastern Europe and put
pressure on the German Visigoths
• Visigoths moved south, crossing the Danube
River into Roman territory
• Initially Roman allies, the Visigoths revolted
and defeated a Roman army in 378
Fall of Western Rome (2)
• More Germans crossed into Roman lands
• 410 the Visigoths sacked the city of Rome
• 455 another group called the Vandals also
sacked the city
• 476 the western emperor, Romulus Augustus,
was deposed by the Germanic head of the
army
• the end of the Western Roman Empire
• Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire,
continued to thrive
Roman Empire
• Western Rome: collapses and begins the
“Dark Ages” of Europe
• Eastern Rome: will continue on and will be
known as the Byzantine Empire