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Transcript
Page 1 of 4 Chapter Review Natural forces break rocks apart and form soil, which supports life. CONTENT REVIEW CLASSZONE.COM KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY 1 Mechanical and chemical forces break down rocks. Over time, mechanical weathering breaks a rock into smaller pieces. 2 Chemical weathering affects exposed rock surfaces. VOCABULARY weathering p. 543 mechanical weathering p. 544 exfoliation p. 544 abrasion p. 544 chemical weathering p. 546 Weathering and organic processes form soil. VOCABULARY Soil has measurable properties, such as color, texture, pore space, and chemistry. humus p. 551 soil horizon p. 552 soil profile p. 552 Soil is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air. Plants, microorganisms, and animals affect soil characteristics. 3 Human activities affect soil. VOCABULARY Soil is essential to life and takes a long time to form. It is difficult or impossible to replace soil that has been lost. desertification p. 561 Soil Loss Farming, construction and development, and mining are three human activities that affect soil. 566 Unit 4: Earth’s Surface Soil Conservation Soil conservation practices help keep soil from blowing or washing away. Page 2 of 4 Reviewing Vocabulary Copy the three-column chart below. Complete the chart for each term. The first one has been done for you. Term Definition Example EXAMPLE the breakdown of rocks by chemical reactions that change the rocks’ mineral composition Iron reacts with air and water to form iron oxides or rust. chemical weathering 1. mechanical weathering 2. abrasion 3. exfoliation 4. desertification Reviewing Key Concepts Multiple Choice Choose the letter of the best answer. 5. The force of expanding water in the cracks and pores of a rock is an example of a. chemical weathering b. mechanical weathering c. oxidation d. desertification 6. The breakdown of a rock by acidic water is an example of a. chemical weathering b. mechanical weathering c. oxidation d. desertification 7. Soil is a mixture of what four materials? a. granite, limestone, nitrogen, and air b. plant roots, iron oxides, water, and air c. rock particles, plant roots, humus, and nitrogen d. rock particles, humus, water, and air 8. What is the main component of soil? a. humus c. air b. water d. rock particles 9. What is humus? a. the decomposed rock particles in soil b. the decomposed organic matter in soil c. the material that makes up the B horizon d. the material that makes up the C horizon 10. Three factors that affect the rate of weathering are a. microorganisms, plants, and animals b. weather, landforms, and rainfall c. surface area, rock composition, and climate d. texture, color, and pore space 11. Microorganisms affect the quality of soil by a. decomposing organic matter b. creating tunnels c. absorbing water d. increasing mechanical weathering 12. The movement of air and water through a soil is influenced most by the soil’s a. color and chemistry b. texture and pore space c. pH and nitrogen content d. microorganisms 13. Contour plowing, strip-cropping, and terracing are conservation methods designed to reduce the a. runoff of water b. activity of microorganisms c. acidity of soil d. pore space of soil Short Answer Write a few sentences to answer each question. 14. How do farming, construction and development, and mining affect soil? 15. How do ice wedging, pressure release, plant root growth, and abrasion cause mechanical weathering? 16. How do air and water cause chemical weathering? Chapter 16: Weathering and Soil Formation 567 Page 3 of 4 Thinking Critically Use the photograph to answer the next three questions. 26. ANALYZE Copy the concept map below and fill it in with the following terms and phrases. acidic water damaged statue mechanical weathering oxygen and water rounded rocks chemical weathering exfoliation moving water pressure release rust WEATHERING type that causes physical changes 17. APPLY Make a sketch of the soil profile above, labeling the A, B, and C horizons. 18. OBSERVE What does the color of the top layer indicate about this soil? type that causes changes in mineral composition results in results in caused by caused by 19. APPLY Which part of the profile is most affected by chemical and mechanical weathering? Why? 20. APPLY Suppose that you own gently sloping farmland. Describe the methods that you would use to hold the soil in place and maintain its fertility. 21. SYNTHESIZE Describe the composition, color, texture, and amount of pore space of a soil that would be good for growing crops. 22. COMPARE AND CONTRAST How does mechanical weathering differ from chemical weathering? How are the two processes similar? 23. PREDICT What effect will the continued growth of the world’s population likely have on soil resources? 24. ANALYZE Soil loss is a problem all over the world. Where might lost soil end up? 25. ANALYZE Can lost soil be replaced? Explain. 568 Unit 4: Earth’s Surface 27. ANALYZE Add to the concept map to show the three factors that affect the rate of weathering. 28. MODEL Draw a diagram that shows an example of a natural force breaking rocks apart to form soil that supports life. 29. SYNTHESIZE A cycle is a series of events or actions that repeats regularly. Describe a cycle that involves soil and living things. If you need to create graphs or other visuals for your project, be sure you have grid paper, poster board, markers, or other supplies. Page 4 of 4 For practice on your state test, go to . . . Standardized Test Practice TEST PRACTICE CLASSZONE.COM Analyzing a Table The table indicates some of the characteristics of four soil samples. Use the table to answer the questions below. Sample Color Ability to Hold Water 1 black average 50% 9% 2 yellowish brown low 70% 3% 3 reddish brown average 60% 3% 4 very red average to low 65% 2% 1. Soils that contain a lot of sand do not hold water very well. Which sample probably contains the most sand? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 2. Iron gives soil a reddish color. Which sample probably contains the most iron? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 3. Crops grow best in soils with about half of their volume consisting of pore space. Which soil has an ideal amount of pore space for growing crops? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 Extended Response Answer the two questions below in detail. Include some of the terms shown in the word box. In your answers, underline each term you use. 6. Jolene is comparing a rock from a riverbed and a rock from deep underground. One is very smooth. The other has very sharp edges. Explain which rock was probably found in each location. Percentage of Pore Space Percentage of Humus 4. What soil color might indicate a high level of organic matter? a. black c. red-brown b. yellow d. red 5. Imagine you have an additional soil sample. The sample is dark brown, has an average ability to hold water, and has 55% pore space. What percentage of humus would this soil most likely contain? a. 1% c. 3% b. 2% d. 8% abrasion chemical weathering ice mechanical weathering moving water plant roots rusting 7. In a museum, Hank sees two iron knives that were made in the early 1800s. One has spent 200 years on the top of a fortress wall. The other one has been stored in the museum for 200 years. Why might the two knives look different? Chapter 16: Weathering and Soil Formation 569