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Ancient Greece Chapter 4 The Influence of Trade Early Greece was strongly influenced by trade. Crete, the island where the Minoans and later the Mycenaeans lived, was located in a region that allowed traders to reach areas in Africa and the Middle East, so that these early Aegean civilizations, trading by sea, made contact with other great early civilizations. Consider how trade influences the culture and economies of countries as you think about the following questions. The Influence of Trade 1. How might the need to access trading routes affect a country? 2. How might trade affect the building and settlement of towns? 3. How might contact with other groups have an impact on people? 4. What might cause culture to spread across different countries? Section 1 EARLY PEOPLE OF THE AGEAN Focus Question How did the Minoans and Mycenaeans shape early Greek civilizations? The Island of Crete Minoans Trade and Prosper • The island of Crete was the cradle of an early civilization that later influenced Greeks living on the European mainland. • The Minoans had absorbed many ideas from the older civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Palace Knossos • Housed religious shrines – areas honoring gods and goddesses. Frescos – colorful water paintings – on the walls. • Displayed elements of the culture. • Dolphins = Sea • Bull = Strength & Sport Outside Knossos Inside Knossos Minoans Disappear Mycenaean Civilization Emerges • Gone by 1400 BC. • A natural disaster made them vulnerable to Mycenaean invaders. Mycenaeans • Sea Traders • Constructed city states ruled by warrior kings. • First Greek speaking culture to leave written records. • Influenced by Egyptian and Mesopotamian customs. • Conquered Crete and victorious in Trojan War Mycenaean Civilization • This massive Lion Gate, erected about 1250 B.C., is the main entrance to the fortress at Mycenae. Homer and the Great Legends of Greece • After their victory over Troy, the Mycenaeans came under attack from Greek-speaking sea raiders, the Dorians, invading from the north. • Mycenaeans abandoned the cities and trade declined. • Skills forgotten, including the art of writing. • Until 800 B.C., Greek civilization seemed to step backward. • Epic poems like Homer’s the Iliad and the Odyssey tell us about events in this period. These poems were passed on orally. Early Aegean Civilizations Trojan War • The Legend………… • Helen, wife of a Greek King, is kidnapped by Trojan Prince Paris. • Mycenaeans sail to Troy to get her back. • 10 years of war begins. • A giant Horse is left on the shores of Troy. Believed to be a gift from the “Gods.” • The horse is paraded into the city. • At night, Greek soldiers, hiding inside the horse, come out and attack the city. • Troy is seized and burned to the ground. Section 2 THE RISE OF GREEK CITY STATES Focus Question How did government and culture develop as Greek city-states grew? Geography Shapes Greece • Mountains and sea separated Greek citystates, which remained fiercely independent. • The sea trade brought goods and ideas, such as the Phoenician alphabet. • Greeks began to set up colonies all around the Mediterranean. Governing the City-States • The Greeks designed each large city-state, or polis, with an acropolis for temples and a lower walled city for homes, a market, and public buildings. • With the introduction of iron weapons, more citizens(free residents) could be outfitted with weapons and the phalanx formation emerged as a method of fighting. • Different forms of government evolved over time, from a monarchy (king), to an aristocracy (elite landowners), and in some places to an oligarchy (small, wealthy elite). Forms of Government Sparta Warrior Society • The Spartans were Dorian invaders from the north who conquered Laconia, in the southern part of Greece. • They turned the conquered people into state-owned slaves, called helots, and made them work the land. • Because the helots greatly outnumbered their rulers, the Spartans set up a brutal system of strict control. Government Structure • 2 Kings and a council of elders for advisers • An assembly of native born male citizens for day to day decisions. • The assembly elected 5 ephors – officials to run day-today affairs. Spartan Gender Roles • Born to be soldiers. • Weak newborns abandoned to die. • Age 7 – training begins. • Live in barracks to train, eat, and be disciplined. • Encouraged to steal to develop skills. • Age 20 – allowed to marry. • Age 30 – became part of the assembly. • Born to mother future soldiers. • Exercise to produce healthy sons. • Obey fathers & husbands. • Right to inherit property. • Ran family estate when husbands were at war. 300 Democracy Evolves in Athens • Athenian government evolved from a monarchy into an aristocracy. • Discontent with the aristocracy of Athens led to a form of democracy (by the people). • Noble male landowners held power and chose the chief officials. • Nobles judged major court cases and dominated the assembly. Democracy Evolves in Athens • The Parthenon holds center stage on the ancient Athenian Acropolis. Originally a temple honoring the city’s patron goddess, Athena, the Parthenon is one of the world’s most famous and influential buildings. Democracy Evolves in Athens Athens Limited Democracy Role of Women 1. Guided by men 2. Played important role in religious ceremonies 3. Homemakers 4. Secluded from the public 5. Worked as weavers and potters Education 1. Girls received little or none 2. Boys only if family could afford it. 3. Importance placed on knowledge – music, poetry, and public speaking. Forces for Unity • Strong local identification, an independent spirit, and economic rivalry led to fighting among the Greek city-states. • Despite these divisions, Greeks shared a common culture. • They spoke the same language, honored the same ancient heroes, participated in common festivals, and prayed to the same gods. • Polytheistic – believing in more than one God. Section 3 CONFLICT IN THE GREEK WORLD Focus Question How did war with invaders and conflict amongst Greeks affect the city states? The Persian Wars • After Athens sent ships to help the Greek city-states in Ionia, the Persian ruler Darius I sent forces to crush Athens. • The Athenians won a battle near Marathon, and later joined forces with other citystates to maintain an advantage over Persia. The Persian Wars Greece Unites • Darius I dies, his son Xerxes takes the throne. • Orders another attack on Athens – this time Sparta and other city states help. • A force of 300 Spartans led by warrior-king Leonidas guard a small mountain pass at Thermopylae. • The 300 are defeated – Persia goes on to burn an empty Athens. The Age of Pericles and Direct Democracy • When Pericles led Athens, there was a direct democracy - citizens take part directly in day to day affairs of government, with the Council of 500 deciding the issues of the day. • Jury duty was also expected of citizens and a single jury, could include thousands. • Citizens can ostracize public figures considered to be a threat to democracy. • Under Pericles, the economy thrives and Athens becomes the cultural center of Greece. Peloponnesian War • Victory in the Persian Wars leads to a Greek alliance called the Delian League. • Greeks outside Athens resent Athenian domination. • Enemies of Athens, like Sparta, form the Peloponnesian League to rival it. • The Peloponnesian War breaks out between Athens and Sparta. • Fighting engulfs Greece for 27 years. • With help from the Persians, Sparta defeats Athens. • The war ends Athenian domination of the Greek world. Section 4 THE GLORY THAT WAS GREECE Focus Question How did Greek thinkers, artists, and writers explore the nature of the universe and people’s place in it? • • • • Philosophers and the Pursuit of Wisdom Philosopher – “lover of wisdom” Challenged that events were the work of the Gods; used observation and reason to explain things. Logic – rational thinking. Sophists- group that questioned accepted ideas of government and behavior. – Success more important than moral truth. • Rhetoric – art of skillful speaking. Socrates • The fallout of the Peloponnesian War prompted many to question tradition and follow the Sophists. • Socrates – questioned the Sophists; • Socratic Method- uses questions and answers as steps in a reasoning process that aims to arrive at truths by logically examining the underlying assumptions and implications of statements. Death of Socrates By Jacques-Louis David “SPAS” Conveying Ideals in Art and Architecture • Plato argued that every object on Earth had an ideal form. • Ancient Greek art and architecture reflected a similar concern with balance, order, and beauty. • Early Greek sculptures were rigid . • Evolved into natural forms showing human beings in their most perfect state. The Parthenon • The builders of the Parthenon, seeking to reflect a harmonious universe, used geometric proportions to convey a dignified sense of order that feels balanced. Literature • To later Europeans, Greek styles were a model of perfection. • They admired what they called the “classical style,” referring to the elegant and balanced forms of traditional Greek works of art. • Tragedies – told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster. • Comedies – humorous plays that mocked people or customs. Studying History • The Greeks also applied observation, reason, and logic to the study of history. • Herodotus is often called the “Father of History” because he went beyond listing names of rulers or the retelling of ancient legends. • Before writing The Persian Wars, Herodotus visited many lands, collecting information from people who remembered the actual events he chronicled. • He used the Greek term historie, which means inquiry, to define his work. Section 5 ALEXANDER AND THE HELLENISTIC AGE Focus Question How did Alexander the Great expand his empire and spread Greek culture throughout the realm? Mighty Macedonia • In 338 B.C., Phillip II, king of Macedonia, a rugged and mountainous kingdom, defeated Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea. • Took control of Greece, dreamed of conquering Persia. • Assassinated at his daughter’s wedding. • His queen, Olympias, outmaneuvered his other wives to put her son, Alexander on the Throne Rise of Alexander • Only 20 years old, tutored by Aristotle, Alexander the Great, set out to conquer Persia. • Persia has a weak ruler, Darius III, with provinces rebelling often. • Empire still stretches 2,000 miles from Egypt to India. • Alexander’s 1st victory: defeated Persians at the Granicus River. • Stormed through Asia Minor, Palestine, and Egypt. • Darius III murdered before Alexander arrives in Persia Fall of Alexander • Ruled Macedonia and Greece, Persia, Egypt. • Fought warriors on elephants after crossing the Hindu Kush. • His men tired, reached Babylon, but fell ill to a fever and died at 32. • While dying, he whispered he left his empire “to the strongest.” • Empire divided amongst 3 generals whose descendants ruled for the next 300 years. Legacy of Alexander • Lasting achievement: the spread of Greek culture from Egypt to India. • Greek temples, athletic competitions, art, and traditions found throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East. • Hellenistic Civilization – Blend of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian cultures. • Alexandria, Egypt – cultural capital of Hellenistic world. • Museum with a library, laboratories, and a zoo. • Markets with Greek marble, Arabian spices, African ivory