* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Packet 9 Evolution
Survey
Document related concepts
Unilineal evolution wikipedia , lookup
Inclusive fitness wikipedia , lookup
Transitional fossil wikipedia , lookup
Creation and evolution in public education wikipedia , lookup
Evolving digital ecological networks wikipedia , lookup
Organisms at high altitude wikipedia , lookup
Evidence of common descent wikipedia , lookup
Acceptance of evolution by religious groups wikipedia , lookup
Punctuated equilibrium wikipedia , lookup
Catholic Church and evolution wikipedia , lookup
Paleontology wikipedia , lookup
Hologenome theory of evolution wikipedia , lookup
Genetics and the Origin of Species wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of life wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
PACKET 9: Evolution Bio.3.4 Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as a mechanism for how species change over time. Bio.3.4.1 Explain how fossil, biochemical, and anatomical evidence support the theory of evolution. Bio.3.4.2 Explain how natural selection influences the changes in species over time. Vocabulary o o o o o o biodiversity adaptation natural selection evolution natural selection geographic isolation o o o o o o acquired characteristics vestigial structures homologous structures fitness survival of the fittest species Assignments: Evodots Evolution Lab………………………………………….. Thumbs Up for Evolution………………………………………… Evidence for Evolution worksheet……………………………… Packet 9 Test…………………………………………………… Honors Only Webquest………………………………………………………….. Online Review…………………………………………………….. Packet 9 Test…………………………………………………….. Due Dates: __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ What Darwin Never Knew – Great video on Evolution Abiogenesis vs. biogenisis ________________________________ – early theory that life came from non-life o Ex:___________________________________________________________ ________________________________ – life from preexisting life Prior Knowledge: Miller & Urey conducted an experiment. Describe the purpose of this experiment. Explain the Endosymbiosis Theory. Ecology Page 1 Evolution of Life - the order of their suspected appearance on Earth) The first life forms: Were they? Circle one of the pairs of terms below Prokaryotic or Explanation eukaryotic Autotrophic (make own food – plants) or Heterotrophic (must obtain food – animals) Aerobic (used oxygen) or Anaerobic (did not use oxygen) What chemical process occurred that allowed there to be aerobic organisms? Based on the info from the table – list the order of organisms as they appeared on Earth. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Early Earth – Place the following items in correct order by numbering 1-9 _______Earth is formed with toxic gases, water vapor, and no oxygen _______Eukaryotic cells (more complex cells with a nucleus) form through endosymbiosis _______Earth’s surface cools and water vapor forms oceans as it rains _______Simple organic molecules such as amino acids and carbohydrates form from the thunderstorms _______Protocells (non-living groups of molecules) form and contain RNA _______Photosynthetic prokaryotes form adding oxygen to the atmosphere _______Ozone (O3) layer forms from atmospheric oxygen to protect Earth _______Multicellular eukaryotes form _______Prokaryotic cells form. Prokaryotes are simple cells that include bacteria. Ecology Page 2 Theories of Evolution (Lamark versus Darwin) In its most basic terms, the theory of evolution states that species ________________ over time. I. Lamarck – Use Disuse Hypothesis or Passing on of Acquired Characteristics Summarize how Lamark believes the giraffe got its long neck. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________ What is wrong with the inheritance of acquired traits hypothesis? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ II. Darwin – Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection ______________ _______________ Organisms with useful traits survive, reproduce, and pass those traits to their offspring. Summarize how Darwin believes the giraffe got its long neck. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Darwin described this as ___________________________________. The term fitness in an evolutionary sense is a measure of an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce more offspring that can in turn survive and to reproduce. Cause & Effect Model for Evolution by Natural Selection: ***** ______________ mutate ----______________ are selected ----_____________ evolve*** Ecology Page 3 Microevolution vs. Macroevolution Microevolution: small genetic changes in the gene pool of a population __________________ ____________ – all the alleles in a population (look at the # of A’s vs. the # of a’s) 3 types of natural selection that causes changes in gene pool: o ____________________ ___________________ – “it pays to be different” – individuals with traits at one end are more common than midrange forms Ex: peppered moths o ___________________ __________________ – “it pays to be average” – eliminates individuals on both ends of the range and favors midrange individuals Ex: birth weights o ________________________ or _______________ ________________________ – both ends of the range are favored and those in the middle are reduced. Ex: finch beaks Changing Environments Select for Specific Genetic Phenotypes: Before the Industrial Revolution the trunks of certain trees were a light color. The lighter peppered moths had an advantage over the darker moths. The lighter moths were more likely to ________________________________________ so there were more of them in the population. However, with the Industrial Revolution came ______________________. The trees turned dark. Now the darker moths had the advantage. Adaptations are dependent upon the environment. Light and dark forms of the peppered moth were photographed against the lichen-covered trunk of a tree in an unpolluted area of England. The light and dark peppered moths are now photographed against the trunk of an oak tree blackened by the polluted air of Birmingham, England. Ecology Page 4 Macroevolution - How new species are formed ______________________________ – changes in a species so a new species is formed _________________________________ can lead to the formation of New Species Sometimes organisms of the same species become physically separated. The evolution of separate species is largely due to genetic drift (chance). After a long period of time even if the two groups were to meet back up the organisms may refuse to mate. At this point they would be considered separate species. When one species becomes 2 separate species this is called __________________________. Types of Evolution ____________________________ – changes in genetic composition of one species in response to change in another Ex: flowers & pollinators ___________________________ - the changing of organisms to fit new environments. _______________________ - accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species __________________________ - organisms that are not closely related evolve similar traits due to living in similar environments. Ecology Page 5 ___________________________ - random changes in allels of a gene pool due to chance. Affects smaller populations more. 2 Models for evolution: _________________________ - gradual change over time leads to species formation ___________________ ___________________ – evolution occurs in spurts in which there are periods of rapid change in a species followed by periods of little or no change ( usually do to major environmental changes Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance: Antibiotics used only when needed and as directed usually overwhelm the bacteria. Too much antibiotic use selects for more resistant mutants. When patients cut short the full course of drugs, the resistant strains have a chance to multiply and spread. Ecology Page 6 Evidence for Evolution: 1. Fossil Evidence - Fossils show patterns of development _______________________________________ – fossils found deeper down in the strata (rock layers) are older than those found closer to the top. The fossil record shows transitional forms of organisms or how organisms have changed over time. 2. Anatomical structures a. __________________________________ – structures that are present in an organism but reduced in size or have less important function (Ex: wings in flightless birds, hind limbs in whales) b. ____________________________________ – structures that share a common ancestry (similar structure but different functions) Ex: human arm, bat wing, whales flipper Ecology Page 7 Molecular Evidence for Evolution 1. If species change over time then genes have also changed (DNA fingerprinting) ________________________ _______________ – a species from which 2 or more species have diverged 2. Scientists look at _________________ and ___________________. The more similar the DNA or protein sequence, between 2 different organisms, the more recently they shared a common ancestor. 3. ______________________ & ______________________ ___________ – show how organisms are related through evolution In the cladogram on the left, the greater the evolutionary distance from humans, the greater the number of amino acid differences in the hemoglobin protein (polypeptide). 4. ______________________________ development shows common ancestry – similarities in early development show similar genes are at work Ecology Page 8